cavour and dat Flashcards
Cavour
Brought about stability by negotiating an alliance between the centre-left in the assembly and the centre right
Make Italy more liberal and modern
Cavour ended Customs duties with France, Britain, Belgium, and Austria to introduce Free Trade Improved Piedmont’s status and helped its military development
Introduced the National Bank, the forerunner of Italy
Developed Railways and bult the Frejus Rail tunnel (BY 1859, 850/986 KM OF RAILWAY IN ITALY WERE PIEDMONTS) Helped its military development
Piedmont was increasingly admired in British and French governing circles, and this laid the basis for the essential diplomacy that was to lead to unification
Why do Some people downplay Cavour’s significance?
- Cavour’s single minded determination
- France alone would ally with Piedmont in order to defeat Austria
- The emergence of an unstable French Regime that was attracted to the idea of fighting Austria in Italy
What did Mazzini do for Italian Unification?
Spreading Nationalistic and Patriotic ideas was Mazzinis line of duty
With the purpose of changing Italy into a ‘one, independent and free republic’ by a popular uprising he created the Young Italy, a movement that by 1833 consisted of 60,000 members and was spreading towards other countries, eventually creating the Young Europe.
Limitations of the work of Mazzini?
Mazzini believed that the popular revolutions that he had in plans would help to achieve the state of his dreams, but all the following uprisings, e.g. the one in 1834 in Piedmont, organised in co-operation with Garibaldi, ended in failure and Mazzini, once again arrested and with a death sentence, was forced to go into exile to London.
In politics, however, he had some achievements, for during his exiles (1837-1840 and 1850) he gained the British sympathy and support for the case and for himself, which was important, for it gave the Unification the recognition on the international arena.
Historians’ view on Mazzini?
Denis Mach Smith Biography 1994 Mazzini wanted ‘the brotherhood of people’
Many claim that Mazzini’s work was ‘pure fantasy’
Farmer describes him as a ‘doer’ and not merely a ‘thinker’
How did Garibaldi lead to unification?
For Italy, Garibaldi is the ultimate hero.
Took a leading role in attempting to sustain the revolutions of 1848
He was the key reason why Italian unification being not simply a matter for the more developed north of Italy
His daring expedition le to Sicily falling to the nationalists, the invasion of Naples and the historic meeting with Vittore Emanuele
Without this expedition, there would have been no Italy
Garibaldi was the doer, the soldier, the man of action
Farmer Views of Garibaldi?
Farmer –> ‘educated, impetuous and first and foremost a soldier’
‘very different from the wily Cavour’
‘attracted by Mazzinian ideas’
According to historian Denis Mack Smith, a writer for Britannica, the majority of the military victories during the Risorgimento were led by Garibaldi. This military precision, combined with Garibaldi’s unwavering patriotism and personal charm, made him a celebrated icon of Italian nationalism. Smith writes, “the object of his nationalism was always the liberation of peoples and not patriotic aggrandizement.”
D’azeglio
As Massimo D’Azeglio, former Prime Minister of Sardinia said after Italy’s unification: “We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians.”
What did Klemens Von Metternich say about French Revolutions?
When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold
What did Grab say about Nationalism in Italy?
Provincial and municipal rivalries and competition between city and country intensified the diversity
Garibaldi?
Garibaldi fought for Italian unity and almost single-handedly united northern and southern Italy. He led a volunteer army of guerrilla soldiers to capture Lombardy for Piedmont and later conquered Sicily and Naples, giving southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, who established the Kingdom of Italy.
A.J.P. Taylor famously described Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807- 1882) as ‘the only admirable figure in modern history
Cavour Italy 1815-70?
The role of Cavour was entirely diplomatic, his fundamental aim being to secure further territory for Piedmont by the expulsion of the Austrians from Northern Italy, Like Biamarck, with whom he is
otten compared, he sawed an uncanny ability to realize his objectives, even if it meant adopting a devious approach and bending to circumstances. Hence his cousin, de la Rive, described him as ‘a bar of iron painted like a reed’, 19 Indeed, he was so well versed in the art of diplomacy that Mazzini called him the pale ghost of
Machiavelli*, I Two examples can be used to illustrate this. The firat was the provocation of war with Austria in 1859. Cavour was realistic enough to consider French assistance essential it Austria were to be excluded from Northern Italy, Napoleon Il1, in his own words, was anxious to do something for Italy’, but, naturally
enough, wanted Austria to appear the aggressor. Consequently, the secret Pact of Plombieres, drawn up hetween France and Piedmont in 1853, made French assistance conditional on Austrian aggres-
sion. Cavour devoted himself to preparing for war and finding a devious way of stinging Austria into delivering an ultimaturn; in his jubilance he said, ¡g a famous mixed metaphor: ‘We have Austria in a cleft stick and shakannot get out of it without firing a cannon.
The second example of Cavour’s diplomatic art was his invasion of the Papal States in 1860. Although his motive was undoubtedly to prevent Garibaldi from making an attempt on Rome, Cavour manufactured a more appealing excuse. The inhabitants of the Marches were secretly encouraged to rise against the ‘brutal
oppression’ of foreign troops employed by the Pope and to appeal to Piedmont for protection. When the Papacy failed to respond to an ultimatum delivered by Piedmont for the dismissal of foreignere, Cavour sent an army to annex the whole area (with the exception of
Rome and the adjacent Patrimony).
COA Cavour
Between 1859 and 1860, however, Cavour was pushed along irresistibly by the sequence of events and had to adapt his former proposals.
His original dislike of total unification had been due
largely to his fear of the radical republicans who had made it their ultimate aim. But when Napoleon III withdrew France prematurely from the
war with Austria by the Treaty of Villafranca in 1859
Cavour threatened to turn revolutionary and conspirator’ himself and he resigned his office of prime minister. Until his recall a few months later.
Cavour now found himself approving and depending
on the activities of Ricasoli. Farini and Azeglio to gain: popular acceptance for the incorporation of Tuscany, Modena and Romagna into Piedmont in defiance of the Villafranca settlement.
