Cardiomiopatia dilatativa Flashcards

1
Q

Cause

A
  • 50% idiopatica
  • 25 % familiare (alterazioni geniche)

Secondaria

  • alchol (la causa secondaria più frequente)
  • emocromatosi (cuore di bue)
  • BeriBeri (deficit di tiamina, B1)
  • Chagas
  • distrofinopatie : Duchenne, Becker, Steiner, miopatie mitocondriali
  • peripartum
  • Endocrinopathies (e.g., pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly)
  • COXSAKIE B (responsabile di pericarditi e miocarditi)
  • Coronary artery disease, insufficienza aortica o mitralica con dilatazione ventricolare, ipertensione
  • Blocco di branca sinistra (ma a sua volta può essere una conseguenza della cariomiopatia dilatativa)
  • cocaina, doxorubicina, danorubicina
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2
Q

Fisiopatologia

A

↓ Ventricular contractility due to dilation → ↓ left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)

Causative factors decrease the contractility of myocardium → compensatory mechanisms (Frank-Starling law) are activated to maintain cardiac output → ↑ end-diastolic volume (preload) → myocardial remodeling → eccentric hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle → reduced myocardial contractility → systolic dysfunction and ↓ ejection fraction → heart failure

Eccentric hypertrophy: sarcomeres added in series (strain longitudinale, assottigliamento)
Caused by an increase in preload, which can be due to DCM (cardiomiopatia dilatativa) and aortic regurgitation, among others
↓ LV contractility due to dilation leads to left-sided heart failure and eventually right-sided heart failure
Left-sided heart failure: decreased LV output leads to clinical features of left-sided heart failure via the following mechanisms:
Diminished systemic perfusion → decreased perfusion of end organs → renal and cerebral dysfunction, cold extremities, etc. (forward failure)
↑ Pressure within the pulmonary circulation → pulmonary circulation congestion → impaired gas exchange and fluid extravasation into the interstitium and alveoli → dyspnea, orthopnea, cardiac asthma (backward failure with predominant pulmonary congestion)
Right-sided heart failure : decreased rRV output → systemic circulation congestion → clinical features of right-sided heart failure (backward failure with predominant systemic congestion)

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3
Q

Clinica

A
  • Exertional dyspnea
  • Angina pectoris
  • Palpitations
  • Diffuse abdominal and peripheral edema
  • Jugular venous distention
  • Left ventricular impulse displacement
  • Relative mitral valve regurgitation or tricuspid valve regurgitation
  • S3 gallop
  • Rales over both lung fields
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4
Q

Imaging

A
  • Atrial and/or ventricular dilation
  • ↓ Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
  • Wall motion abnormalities (e.g., inferolateral hypokinesis is seen in muscular dystrophy and acute myocarditis)

Chest x-ray

  • Cardiomegaly: left-sided hypertrophy with a balloon appearance
  • Signs of left heart failure decompensation: pulmonary edema

MRI: late gadolinium enanchement, utile per la diagnosi differenziale della forma idiopatica da quella secondaria a ischemia cronica che presenta necrosi!

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5
Q

Treatment

A

-Sodium restriction
-ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, digoxin
See “Treatment” in CHF.
-Anticoagulation (e.g., warfarin): in case of mechanical valves alteration,embolia pregressa, intraventricular thrombus and/or atrial fibrillation! (cioè non si inizia un trattamento anticoagulante senza queste features)

Surgical treatment

  • If LVEF < 35%: ICD to prevent sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular fibrillation
  • If medical therapy fails: heart transplantation
  • resincronizzazione (pacemaker di entrambe le camere): soggetti refrattari al trattamento medico con LBBB e FEVS minore del 35 % e classe funzionale II/III
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6
Q

ECG

A

ECG: The following findings may be present but are not specific for DCM.

  • Disorders of conduction (e.g. AV-block , left bundle branch block)
  • Atrial fibrillation, arrhythmias (scarring tissue)
  • Reduced QRS voltage
  • Change of cardiac axis (dilatazione ventricolo)
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7
Q

Features

A
  • Signs of left heart failure and right heart failure
  • S3 gallop, sopratutto in caso di scompenso acuto. Testimonia una dilatazione ventricolare, con deficit sistolico e/o sovraccarico volumetrico

ECO

  • Left ventricular (and atrial) dilation
  • Wall movement abnormalities
  • Normal diastolic function
  • spessore parete diminuito
  • FE fortemente ridotta
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8
Q

LAB

A

BNP: ↑ in concomitant heart failure

Troponin and CK-MB to rule out myocardial infarction

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9
Q

Resincronizzazione cardiaca (pacemaker biventricolare)

A

I pazienti a rischio di disincronia sono quelli che presentano:

-Cardiomiopatia dilatativa ischemica o non ischemica
-Intervallo QRS prolungato (≥ 130 msec) in particolare sotto forma di un tipico blocco di branca sinistro
-Dimensione telediastolica ventricolare sinistra ≥ 55 mm
-Frazione di eiezione ventricolare sinistra ≤ 35% in ritmo sinusale
La terapia di resincronizzazione cardiaca comporta l’uso di un sistema di stimolazione per resincronizzare della contrazione cardiaca. Tali sistemi di solito includono un elettrodo atriale, ventricolare destro e ventricolare sinistro. Gli elettrodi possono essere immessi per via venosa o chirurgicamente tramite toracotomia.

Nei pazienti con insufficienza cardiaca che presentano sintomi di classe II, III, o IV secondo la NYHA (New York Heart Association), la terapia di resincronizzazione cardiaca può ridurre l’ospedalizzazione per insufficienza cardiaca e ridurre mortalità per qualsiasi causa. Tuttavia, c’è poco o nessun beneficio nei pazienti con fibrillazione atriale permanente, blocco di branca destro, ritardo di conduzione intraventricolare non specifico, o solo il prolungamento lieve della durata del QRS (< 150 msec).

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