Cardiac Cycle & Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards
1
Q
cardia cycle diagram
A
- pressure and volume
2
Q
pressure on the upper part
A
- ventricular pressure
- aortic pressure
- left atrial pressure
3
Q
volume on the lower part
A
- end diastolic volume when the heart is filled
- end systolic volume after the heart has ejected blood
- stroke volume
- difference bet EDV - ESV = SV
4
Q
P wave
A
- atrial depolarization
- signal to the atrium to contract to push blood into the ventricles
- during ventricular filling
- during diastole
5
Q
ventricular pressure
A
- systole
6
Q
contracting ATRIA
A
- VENTRICLE is being filled
7
Q
contacting VENTRICLE
A
- ATRIA IS being filled
8
Q
QRS
A
- closure of the mitral valve (R wave) S1
- depolarization of the ventricles
- initiate systolic constriction ventricles
9
Q
QRS valvular events
A
- closure of the mitral valve
10
Q
R wave
A
- S1
- first heart sound
11
Q
ventricular depolarization
A
- pressure in the ventricle is increasing
- isovolumetric contraction
- ventricular pressure >80 mmHg
- it pushes open the aortic valve, EDV
- open of the aortic valve
- blood is ejected to the aorta
- aortic pressure is rising simultaneously with the ventricular pressure
12
Q
ventricular pressure falls
A
- causing fall in aortic pressure
- beginning of T wave
- ventricular repolarization to relax
13
Q
T wave
A
- ventricular repolarization (RELAX)
- AORTIC PRESSURE >VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
- S2 second heart sound
- closure of the aortic valve
14
Q
S2
A
- second heart sound
- closure of the aortic valve
- closure of the pulmonary valve causing split weaker pressure
15
Q
T wave valvular event
A
- aortic closure
- S2
16
Q
P wave in a EKG
A
- atrial depolarization
- mitral valve is opening
- filling of the heart
- no sound
- S3, S4
17
Q
atrial depolarization
A
- S3, S4
18
Q
QRS
A
- ventricular depolarization
- mitral close
- S1
19
Q
PR interval
A
- AV node conduction
20
Q
T wave
A
- ventricular repolarization
- closure of the aortic valve
- S2
21
Q
QT or ST interval
A
- ejection phase
- aortic valve open
22
Q
S1
A
- closure of the mitral valve and tricuspid valve
23
Q
S2
A
- closure of aortic and pulmonary valve
24
Q
widening split of S2
A
- pulmonary stenosis delay closure of the pulmonary valve
- right bundle branch block
25
fixed splitting of S2
- atrial septal defect (ASD)
| - L=>R shunt
26
paradoxical splitting
- left bundle branch block
| - advance aortic stenosis delay closure of aortic valve
27
apical beat
- 5th ICS MCL
| - mitral valve
28
aortic valve
- second intercostal space R of the sternum
29
pulmonary valve
- second intercostal space L of the sternum
30
tricuspid valve
- 3rd, 4th , 5th intercostal space to the left of the sternum
31
mitral area
- 1st heart sound loudest
| - due to closure of mitral valve
32
aortic area
- 2nd heart sound louder
| -
33
1st heart sound
- finger rises in the carotid artery
| - systolic interval
34
2nd heart sound
- finger falls in the carotid artery
| - diastolic interval
35
S3
- heard early diastole
36
S4
- heard late diastole
37
systolic murmur
- heard in the S1
| - rise of the finger
38
diastolic murmur
- heard S2
| - fall of the finger
39
murmur
- systolic
| - diastolic
40
systolic murmur
- aortic stenosis
| - mitral insufficiency/regurgitation
41
diastolic murmur
- aortic insufficiency/regurgitation
| - mitral stenosis
42
S3
- just after opening of the AV valves
- during rapid filling, ventricle with a large chamber
- normal finding in children and young adults
- in older adults, occurs with volume overload, sign of cardiac disease
43
S4
- atrial contraction, during the last part of filling phase
- stiff ventricle concentric hypertrophy
- myocardial infarction
44
venous pulse pressure tracing
- jugular pulse which is generated by the right side of the heart
- intrapleural pressure is closer point it zero
45
venous pulse pressure tracing
| A wave
- coincides with the P wave in ECG
- atrial contraction RA
- correlates with the PR interval
- stiff ventricle, pulmonic stenosis and insufficiency
- absent in atrial fibrillation and other atrial arrhythmias
46
venous pulse pressure tracing
| V wave
- biphasic decent and ascent
- atrial filling during ventricular systole when the tricuspid valve is closed
- peak corresponds to T wave opening of the tricuspid valve
- occur in tricuspid insufficiency and right heart failure
47
venous pulse pressure tracing
| C wave
- pressure in the veins due to bulging of the tricuspid valve
- during ventricular contraction
- coincides with the QRS in ECG
- increase pressure of RV pushing blood to the RA, causing backing up pressure of the veins causing C wave
48
venous pulse pressure tracing
| X descent
- decreasing atrial pressure during atrial relaxation
- separated into two segments when the c wave is recorded
- it occurs in atrial fibrillation and tricuspid insufficiency
49
venous pulse pressure tracing
| y descent
- rapid filling of the right ventricle after opening of the tricuspid valve
- tricuspid insufficiency
- tricuspid stenosis
50
atrial fibrillation
- loosing the X descent
51
tricuspid insufficiency
- elevated V wave
| - due to regurgitation of blood into the RA
52
tricuspid stenosis
- x descent will be less
| - due to obstruction
