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M2M Unit III > Carcinogenesis III > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis III Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ gene encodes for a virus polymerase.

A

pol

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2
Q

c-src has a different _____ than v-src and has numerous introns that do not exist in v-src.

A

carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence

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2
Q

____, a member of the c-myc family of oncogenes, is found amplified in ______.

A

N-myc; neuroblastoma

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2
Q

Tumor cells may have some of their properties reversed by either ______ and/or ______.

A

blocking the action of oncogenes; adding back any missing tumor suppressors

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2
Q

_____ measures the expression of 123 genes known to be altered in breast cancers.

A

The Breast cancer Xpress Chip

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2
Q

The Breast cancer Xpress Chip measures the expression of _____ known to be altered in breast cancers.

A

123 genes

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3
Q

Retroviruses that contain a ____ also have the ability to rapidly transform appropriate infected cells to the malignant phenotype.

A

v-onc segment

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4
Q

The pol gene encodes for a _____.

A

virus polymerase

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6
Q

The env gene for virus membrane _____.

A

glycoproteins

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7
Q

In patients with _____, the ABL tyrosine kinase can be inhibited by Gleevac (ST1571), an ATP analogue.

A

BCR-ABL translocation (The Philadelphia chromosome)

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8
Q

pp60v-src proteins change the properties of the cells by affecting ______.

A

gene expression

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8
Q

Cellular prototypes of ______ exist in all normal eukaryotic cells.

A

oncogenes

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8
Q

A change in gene regulation or gene structure due to a _____ could activate _____to cause a malignancy.

A

cellular mutation; oncogenes

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10
Q

v-src

A

oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus

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10
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Molecular knowledge of the genome in cancer cells

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11
Q

The gag gene codes for______.

A

internal virion proteins

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11
Q

Gene amplification of _____ has also been detected in some cancers and is very useful for _____.

A

c-onc genes; prognosis

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11
Q

Monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein product of the HER2/neu/erbB2 oncogene can _____.

A

reverse the transformed phenotype of the cancer cell

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12
Q

Quantitative changes in proto-oncogenes?

A

too much protein

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14
Q

The ____ gene codes for internal virion proteins.

A

gag

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15
Q

The _____ gene for virus membrane glycoproteins.

A

env

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16
Q

Mutations in both ______ and ______ are needed to transform a cell into a malignant one.

A

tumor suppressors; oncogenes

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17
Q

A few c-onc genes ligated to retroviral promoters can transform normal cells when introduced via _____ (examples: c-ras).

A

DNA mediated transformation

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18
Q

____ genes have been point mutated, producing a protein that is ______ and is always “on”.

A

c-ras; unregulated

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19
Q

The protein coded by the v-src gene is a _____ that phosphorylates tyrosine residues in several different proteins.

A

membrane bound protein kinase

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19
Q

oncogene addiction

A

drugs inhibiting normal cellular proteins only target cancer cells because they are dependent upon the overexpressed oncogene

20
Q

v-myc

A

gene usually fused with a portion of the gag gene- capable of eliciting neoplastic transformation of cells

21
Q

____ codes for a protein that is similar in structure to the cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR).

A

v-erb-B

22
Q

____ must simultaneously be changed to transform a normal cell to a malignant one.

A

Several genes

22
Q

_____ are being used to extend the life of breast cancer patients.

A

Drugs that inhibit HER2/neu/erbB2

24
Q

v-erb

A

oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus

25
Q

Herceptin

A

the antibodie used to treat HER2/neu/erbB2 cancers

27
Q

c-ABL is found in the BCR-ABL translocation in the _____ and is overexpressed in BCR-ABL CML.

A

Philadelphia chromosome

29
Q

v-abl codes for a _____ that phosphorylates ____ residues on other proteins.

A

protein kinase; tyrosine

30
Q

Qualitative changes in proto-oncogenes?

A

overactive or unregulated protein

31
Q

molecularly targeted therapy

A

identifying the defect in the tumor from the patient and then targeting the therapy to fit it

32
Q

v-erb-B codes for a protein that is similar in structure to the _____.

A

cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR)

33
Q

E1B mutant adenoviruses, which cannot inactivate p53 and thereby cannot kill wild-type cells, will _____.

A

kill p53- cancer cells preferentially

35
Q

v-abl

A

oncogene found in Abelson leukemia virus

37
Q

v-myc

A

gene usually fused with a portion of the gag gene- capable of eliciting neoplastic transformation of cells

37
Q

The _____ oncogene (also called erbB2) is amplified in about ____ of breast cancers.

A

HER2/neu; 20%

37
Q

Drugs that inhibit HER2/neu/erbB2 are being used to ______.

A

extend the life of breast cancer patients

38
Q

In patients with BCR-ABL translocation (The Philadelphia chromosome), the _____ can be inhibited by _____ (ST1571), an ATP analogue.

A

ABL tyrosine kinase; Gleevac

40
Q

_____ of c-onc genes have been observed in certain human cancers and indicate a _____ prognosis.

A

Translocations; poor

42
Q

Higher levels of amplification correlate with a _____.

A

poor prognosis

43
Q

The products of _____ mimic hormones or growth stimulating factors either by_____ or by affecting the structure of the ______ for these hormones.

A

oncogenes; resembling natural hormones; cell surface receptors

44
Q

The protein coded by the v-src gene is a membrane bound protein kinase that ______ tyrosine residues in several different proteins.

A

phosphorylates

45
Q

Clinical trials have shown that Gleevac (ST1571) is effective in ____ of patients.

A

95%

46
Q

c-myc has many _____ not present in v-myc, although the coding sequences are nearly identical (___ amino acid changes).

A

introns; 7

47
Q

Detection of ____ mutations indicates a poor prognosis.

A

ras

50
Q

The RNA genome consists of two identical strands held together by a _____.

A

tRNA molecule

51
Q

______, which cannot inactivate p53 and thereby cannot kill wild-type cells, will kill p53- cancer cells preferentially.

A

E1B mutant adenoviruses

52
Q

Cellular transformation is assayed by _____ or _____.

A

tumor formation in animals after admin of oncogenic virus; transformation of cells in vitro

53
Q

Patients with _____ are treated with Herceptin and those with _____ are treated with tamoxifen (estrogen antagonist).

A

high erbB2; high ER levels

54
Q

Injection of the RB gene into a RB-negative small cell lung cancer line will _____.

A

inhibit tumorigenesis

55
Q

_____ specific for the protein product of the HER2/neu/erbB2 oncogene can reverse the transformed phenotype of the cancer cell.

A

Monoclonal antibodies

56
Q

The c-onc translocation results in ______ of the oncogene.

A

inappropriate and high level expression

57
Q

____ is found in the BCR-ABL translocation in the Philadelphia chromosome and is overexpressed in _____.

A

c-ABL; BCR-ABL CML.

58
Q

The RNA genome consists of _____ held together by a tRNA molecule.

A

two identical strands

60
Q

______ or _____ due to a cellular mutation could activate oncogenes to cause a malignancy.

A

A change in gene regulation; gene structure

61
Q

Patients with high erbB2 are treated with ____ and those with high ER levels are treated with ____ (estrogen antagonist).

A

Herceptin; tamoxifen

62
Q

heat map

A

hybridization of the tumor DNA to “gene chip” containing all human genomic DNA sequences as molecular probes

63
Q

_____ codes for a protein kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine residues on other proteins.

A

v-abl

64
Q

The protein encoded by v-src is ____.

A

pp60v-src

M2M Unit III (30 decks)

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