Carcinogenesis III Flashcards
The ___ gene encodes for a virus polymerase.
pol
c-src has a different _____ than v-src and has numerous introns that do not exist in v-src.
carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence
____, a member of the c-myc family of oncogenes, is found amplified in ______.
N-myc; neuroblastoma
Tumor cells may have some of their properties reversed by either ______ and/or ______.
blocking the action of oncogenes; adding back any missing tumor suppressors
_____ measures the expression of 123 genes known to be altered in breast cancers.
The Breast cancer Xpress Chip
The Breast cancer Xpress Chip measures the expression of _____ known to be altered in breast cancers.
123 genes
Retroviruses that contain a ____ also have the ability to rapidly transform appropriate infected cells to the malignant phenotype.
v-onc segment
The pol gene encodes for a _____.
virus polymerase
The env gene for virus membrane _____.
glycoproteins
In patients with _____, the ABL tyrosine kinase can be inhibited by Gleevac (ST1571), an ATP analogue.
BCR-ABL translocation (The Philadelphia chromosome)
pp60v-src proteins change the properties of the cells by affecting ______.
gene expression
Cellular prototypes of ______ exist in all normal eukaryotic cells.
oncogenes
A change in gene regulation or gene structure due to a _____ could activate _____to cause a malignancy.
cellular mutation; oncogenes
v-src
oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus
Bioinformatics
Molecular knowledge of the genome in cancer cells
The gag gene codes for______.
internal virion proteins
Gene amplification of _____ has also been detected in some cancers and is very useful for _____.
c-onc genes; prognosis
Monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein product of the HER2/neu/erbB2 oncogene can _____.
reverse the transformed phenotype of the cancer cell
Quantitative changes in proto-oncogenes?
too much protein
The ____ gene codes for internal virion proteins.
gag
The _____ gene for virus membrane glycoproteins.
env
Mutations in both ______ and ______ are needed to transform a cell into a malignant one.
tumor suppressors; oncogenes
A few c-onc genes ligated to retroviral promoters can transform normal cells when introduced via _____ (examples: c-ras).
DNA mediated transformation
____ genes have been point mutated, producing a protein that is ______ and is always “on”.
c-ras; unregulated
The protein coded by the v-src gene is a _____ that phosphorylates tyrosine residues in several different proteins.
membrane bound protein kinase
oncogene addiction
drugs inhibiting normal cellular proteins only target cancer cells because they are dependent upon the overexpressed oncogene
v-myc
gene usually fused with a portion of the gag gene- capable of eliciting neoplastic transformation of cells
____ codes for a protein that is similar in structure to the cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR).
v-erb-B
____ must simultaneously be changed to transform a normal cell to a malignant one.
Several genes
_____ are being used to extend the life of breast cancer patients.
Drugs that inhibit HER2/neu/erbB2
v-erb
oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus
Herceptin
the antibodie used to treat HER2/neu/erbB2 cancers
c-ABL is found in the BCR-ABL translocation in the _____ and is overexpressed in BCR-ABL CML.
Philadelphia chromosome
v-abl codes for a _____ that phosphorylates ____ residues on other proteins.
protein kinase; tyrosine
Qualitative changes in proto-oncogenes?
overactive or unregulated protein
molecularly targeted therapy
identifying the defect in the tumor from the patient and then targeting the therapy to fit it
v-erb-B codes for a protein that is similar in structure to the _____.
cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR)
E1B mutant adenoviruses, which cannot inactivate p53 and thereby cannot kill wild-type cells, will _____.
kill p53- cancer cells preferentially
v-abl
oncogene found in Abelson leukemia virus
v-myc
gene usually fused with a portion of the gag gene- capable of eliciting neoplastic transformation of cells
The _____ oncogene (also called erbB2) is amplified in about ____ of breast cancers.
HER2/neu; 20%
Drugs that inhibit HER2/neu/erbB2 are being used to ______.
extend the life of breast cancer patients
In patients with BCR-ABL translocation (The Philadelphia chromosome), the _____ can be inhibited by _____ (ST1571), an ATP analogue.
ABL tyrosine kinase; Gleevac
_____ of c-onc genes have been observed in certain human cancers and indicate a _____ prognosis.
Translocations; poor
Higher levels of amplification correlate with a _____.
poor prognosis
The products of _____ mimic hormones or growth stimulating factors either by_____ or by affecting the structure of the ______ for these hormones.
oncogenes; resembling natural hormones; cell surface receptors
The protein coded by the v-src gene is a membrane bound protein kinase that ______ tyrosine residues in several different proteins.
phosphorylates
Clinical trials have shown that Gleevac (ST1571) is effective in ____ of patients.
95%
c-myc has many _____ not present in v-myc, although the coding sequences are nearly identical (___ amino acid changes).
introns; 7
Detection of ____ mutations indicates a poor prognosis.
ras
The RNA genome consists of two identical strands held together by a _____.
tRNA molecule
______, which cannot inactivate p53 and thereby cannot kill wild-type cells, will kill p53- cancer cells preferentially.
E1B mutant adenoviruses
Cellular transformation is assayed by _____ or _____.
tumor formation in animals after admin of oncogenic virus; transformation of cells in vitro
Patients with _____ are treated with Herceptin and those with _____ are treated with tamoxifen (estrogen antagonist).
high erbB2; high ER levels
Injection of the RB gene into a RB-negative small cell lung cancer line will _____.
inhibit tumorigenesis
_____ specific for the protein product of the HER2/neu/erbB2 oncogene can reverse the transformed phenotype of the cancer cell.
Monoclonal antibodies
The c-onc translocation results in ______ of the oncogene.
inappropriate and high level expression
____ is found in the BCR-ABL translocation in the Philadelphia chromosome and is overexpressed in _____.
c-ABL; BCR-ABL CML.
The RNA genome consists of _____ held together by a tRNA molecule.
two identical strands
______ or _____ due to a cellular mutation could activate oncogenes to cause a malignancy.
A change in gene regulation; gene structure
Patients with high erbB2 are treated with ____ and those with high ER levels are treated with ____ (estrogen antagonist).
Herceptin; tamoxifen
heat map
hybridization of the tumor DNA to “gene chip” containing all human genomic DNA sequences as molecular probes
_____ codes for a protein kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine residues on other proteins.
v-abl
The protein encoded by v-src is ____.
pp60v-src
