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M2M Unit III > Apoptosis > Flashcards

Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

The defining morphological feature of _____ is a collapse of the nucleus.

A

apoptosis

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2
Q

What is lymphoproliferative syndrome?

A

an autoimmune disease where apoptosis fails to occur

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3
Q

Fragmentation of DNA seen in apoptosis is via an _____ that produces up to 300,000 ds DNA breaks per chromosome.

A

endonuclease

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4
Q

_____ and _____ result in the classic appearance of apoptosis.

A

Caspase-3; caspase-9

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4
Q

Why are lymphocytes so sensitive to radiation?

A

So they will kill themselves rather than multiply if damaged and possibly result in autoimmunitiy

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5
Q

Inflammatory molecules attract WBCS, primarily _____.

A

macrophages

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5
Q

A ______ consists of a core of histone proteins wrapped by about 180 base pairs of DNA.

A

nucleosome

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6
Q

FLIP competes with caspase-8 for binding to ____, and this inhibits apoptosis signaling.

A

FADD

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7
Q

All the _____ in a normal plasma membrane is confined to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer.

A

phosphatidylserine (PS)

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7
Q

____ and ____ are pro-apoptotic proteins that replace Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL when the suicide signal is received.

A

Bim; PUMA

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8
Q

_______ in the cytoplasm activates a cytoplasmic protein called Apaf-1.

A

Cytochrome C

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9
Q

In the other CTL mechanism, the ____ secretes granzymes and perforin that together deliver apoptosis-inducing molecules to its intended target.

A

killer cell

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10
Q

Many experts estimate that it takes about 7 mutations for a cell to become ______.

A

fully, clinically, malignant

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10
Q

FLIP competes with _____ for binding to FADD, and this inhibits apoptosis signaling.

A

caspase-8

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11
Q

A nucleosome consists of a core of histone proteins wrapped by about ____ of DNA.

A

180 base pairs

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11
Q

What enzyme distributes PS equally on both sides of the membrane during apoptosis?

A

scramblase

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12
Q

Bax makes the _____ permeable and cytochrome C is released into the cytoplasm.

A

mitochondrial membrane

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13
Q

A _____ that recognizes a cell as apoptotic does not become activated.

A

macrophage

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14
Q

zeiosis

A

boiling action of the plasma membrane

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15
Q

In the other CTL mechanism, the killer cell secretes ______ and ______ that together deliver apoptosis-inducing molecules to its intended target.

A

granzymes; perforin

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16
Q

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are _____ on the mitochondrial membrane.

A

anti-apoptotic proteins

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17
Q

A nucleosome is the ______ of DNA.

A

first stage of compaction

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18
Q

Apaf-1 activates the protease caspase-9, and it activates _____.

A

caspase-3

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18
Q

What activates capsase-3 in the intrinsic pathway?

A

caspase-9

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20
Q

apoptotic bodies

A

small pieces of the cell

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21
Q

FLIP competes with caspase-8 for binding to FADD, and this inhibits _____.

A

apoptosis signaling

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22
Q

____ activates the protease caspase-9, and it activates caspase-3.

A

Apaf-1

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23
Q

Apaf-1 activates the protease ____, and it activates caspase-3.

A

caspase-9

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24
Q

If a molecule of PS strays to the outer leaflet, ____ returns it to the correct position.

A

flippase

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24
Q

Cytochrome C in the cytoplasm activates a cytoplasmic protein called ____.

A

Apaf-1

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25
Q

Many experts estimate that it takes about ___ mutations for a cell to become fully, clinically, malignant.

A

7

25
Q

For cancer progression, mutations that ____ may be just as important as those that stimulate growth.

A

inhibit death

26
Q

Bim and PUMA are pro-apoptotic proteins that replace Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL when _____.

A

the suicide signal is received

27
Q

A nucleosome consists of a core of _____ wrapped by about 180 base pairs of DNA.

A

histone proteins

28
Q

____ competes with caspase-8 for binding to FADD, and this inhibits apoptosis signaling.

A

FLIP

29
Q

Bim and PUMA are ____ that replace Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL when the suicide signal is received.

A

pro-apoptotic proteins

30
Q

The defining morphological feature of apoptosis is a _____.

A

collapse of the nucleus

31
Q

What happens to the mitochondria in necrosis?

A

it swells

32
Q

What is the purpose of zeiosis?

A

allows the cell to tear itself apart into apoptotic bodies

33
Q

CD95 transduces a signal into the cell’s interior, which recruits an _____ called ___, which activates caspase-8.

A

adaptor molecule; FADD

35
Q

The effect of the inflammatory process is _____, _____, and, if the stroma has been damaged, _____.

A

debris removal, injury resolution, scar formation

35
Q

PS

A

phosphatidylserine

35
Q

What activates capsase-3 in the extrinsic pathway?

A

caspase-8

36
Q

Early in apoptosis cells shrink remarkably, losing about _____ in a few seconds.

A

a third of their volume

37
Q

What is morphogenetic death?

A

apoptosis of developing cells to give the body form and shape

38
Q

Early in apoptosis cells ____ remarkably, losing about a third of their volume in a few seconds.

A

shrink

39
Q

In the _____ pathway, the CTL upregulates expression of a surface molecule called Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L).

A

extrinsic

41
Q

For cancer progression, mutations that inhibit death may be just as important as those that ____.

A

stimulate growth

43
Q

If a molecule of _____ strays to the outer leaflet, flippase returns it to the correct position.

A

phosphatidylserine (PS)

44
Q

Fragmentation of DNA seen in apoptosis is via an endonuclease that produces up to _____ ds DNA breaks per chromosome.

A

300,000

46
Q

What happens to the cell due to the mitochondrial swelling?

A

ATP isn’t synthesized, pumps fail, and water floods in, causing the cell to swell and burst

47
Q

In the extrinsic pathway, the CTL upregulates expression of a surface molecule called ______.

A

Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L)

48
Q

____ transduces a signal into the cell’s interior, which recruits an adaptor molecule called FADD, which activates _____.

A

CD95; caspase-8

50
Q

Inflammatory molecules attract ____, primarily macrophages.

A

WBCs

51
Q

If lymphocytes are exposed to radiation in the presence of a drug that blocks transcription, they ______.

A

do not die

53
Q

The effect of the ______ is debris removal, injury resolution, and, if the stroma has been damaged, scar formation.

A

inflammatory process

54
Q

What is the purpose of apoptosis, as opposed to necrosis?

A

the damaged cell is ingested by a healthy cell before it spills its dangerous contents

56
Q

____ makes the mitochondrial membrane permeable and cytochrome C is released into the cytoplasm.

A

Bax

57
Q

What does flippase do?

A

it keeps all PS in the inner leaflet of the bilayer

58
Q

_____ are the most radiation-sensitive cells in the universe.

A

Lymphocytes

59
Q

What organelle is affected first in necrosis?

A

the mitochondria

61
Q

Where does the apoptotic cell die?

A

within the phagocyte

62
Q

Cytochrome C in the cytoplasm activates a ______ called Apaf-1.

A

cytoplasmic protein

64
Q

What happens when PS is on the outer membrane leaflet?

A

phagocytic cells recognize them, and then bind to and ingest the cell

65
Q

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are anti-apoptotic proteins on the ____.

A

mitochondrial membrane

66
Q

Caspase-3 and caspase-9 result in the classic appearance of _____.

A

apoptosis

67
Q

What is the first stage of compaction of DNA?

A

a nucleosome

68
Q

Bax makes the mitochondrial membrane permeable and _____ is released into the _____.

A

cytochrome C; cytoplasm

69
Q

What is the common link in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

capsase-3

70
Q

If a _____ recognizes that a cell is mutated or infected, it instructs the target cell to undergo _____.

A

cytotoxic T cell; apoptosis

71
Q

The boiling action of the plasma membrane is called?

A

zeiosis

72
Q

____ and ____ are anti-apoptotic proteins on the mitochondrial membrane.

A

Bcl-2; Bcl-XL

73
Q

Low-dose radiation does not kill lymphocytes; rather, it induces them _____.

A

to kill themselves

74
Q

What does scramblase do?

A

distributes PS equally on both sides of the membrane during apoptosis

75
Q

The effect of the inflammatory process is debris removal, injury resolution, and, if the _____ has been damaged, scar formation.

A

stroma

76
Q

All the phosphatidylserine (PS) in a normal plasma membrane is confined to the _____.

A

inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer

M2M Unit III (30 decks)

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