Apoptosis Flashcards
The defining morphological feature of _____ is a collapse of the nucleus.
apoptosis
What is lymphoproliferative syndrome?
an autoimmune disease where apoptosis fails to occur
Fragmentation of DNA seen in apoptosis is via an _____ that produces up to 300,000 ds DNA breaks per chromosome.
endonuclease
_____ and _____ result in the classic appearance of apoptosis.
Caspase-3; caspase-9
Why are lymphocytes so sensitive to radiation?
So they will kill themselves rather than multiply if damaged and possibly result in autoimmunitiy
Inflammatory molecules attract WBCS, primarily _____.
macrophages
A ______ consists of a core of histone proteins wrapped by about 180 base pairs of DNA.
nucleosome
FLIP competes with caspase-8 for binding to ____, and this inhibits apoptosis signaling.
FADD
All the _____ in a normal plasma membrane is confined to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer.
phosphatidylserine (PS)
____ and ____ are pro-apoptotic proteins that replace Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL when the suicide signal is received.
Bim; PUMA
_______ in the cytoplasm activates a cytoplasmic protein called Apaf-1.
Cytochrome C
In the other CTL mechanism, the ____ secretes granzymes and perforin that together deliver apoptosis-inducing molecules to its intended target.
killer cell
Many experts estimate that it takes about 7 mutations for a cell to become ______.
fully, clinically, malignant
FLIP competes with _____ for binding to FADD, and this inhibits apoptosis signaling.
caspase-8
A nucleosome consists of a core of histone proteins wrapped by about ____ of DNA.
180 base pairs
What enzyme distributes PS equally on both sides of the membrane during apoptosis?
scramblase
Bax makes the _____ permeable and cytochrome C is released into the cytoplasm.
mitochondrial membrane
A _____ that recognizes a cell as apoptotic does not become activated.
macrophage
zeiosis
boiling action of the plasma membrane
In the other CTL mechanism, the killer cell secretes ______ and ______ that together deliver apoptosis-inducing molecules to its intended target.
granzymes; perforin
Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are _____ on the mitochondrial membrane.
anti-apoptotic proteins
A nucleosome is the ______ of DNA.
first stage of compaction
Apaf-1 activates the protease caspase-9, and it activates _____.
caspase-3
What activates capsase-3 in the intrinsic pathway?
caspase-9
apoptotic bodies
small pieces of the cell
FLIP competes with caspase-8 for binding to FADD, and this inhibits _____.
apoptosis signaling
____ activates the protease caspase-9, and it activates caspase-3.
Apaf-1
Apaf-1 activates the protease ____, and it activates caspase-3.
caspase-9
If a molecule of PS strays to the outer leaflet, ____ returns it to the correct position.
flippase
Cytochrome C in the cytoplasm activates a cytoplasmic protein called ____.
Apaf-1
Many experts estimate that it takes about ___ mutations for a cell to become fully, clinically, malignant.
7
For cancer progression, mutations that ____ may be just as important as those that stimulate growth.
inhibit death
Bim and PUMA are pro-apoptotic proteins that replace Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL when _____.
the suicide signal is received
A nucleosome consists of a core of _____ wrapped by about 180 base pairs of DNA.
histone proteins
____ competes with caspase-8 for binding to FADD, and this inhibits apoptosis signaling.
FLIP
Bim and PUMA are ____ that replace Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL when the suicide signal is received.
pro-apoptotic proteins
The defining morphological feature of apoptosis is a _____.
collapse of the nucleus
What happens to the mitochondria in necrosis?
it swells
What is the purpose of zeiosis?
allows the cell to tear itself apart into apoptotic bodies
CD95 transduces a signal into the cell’s interior, which recruits an _____ called ___, which activates caspase-8.
adaptor molecule; FADD
The effect of the inflammatory process is _____, _____, and, if the stroma has been damaged, _____.
debris removal, injury resolution, scar formation
PS
phosphatidylserine
What activates capsase-3 in the extrinsic pathway?
caspase-8
Early in apoptosis cells shrink remarkably, losing about _____ in a few seconds.
a third of their volume
What is morphogenetic death?
apoptosis of developing cells to give the body form and shape
Early in apoptosis cells ____ remarkably, losing about a third of their volume in a few seconds.
shrink
In the _____ pathway, the CTL upregulates expression of a surface molecule called Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L).
extrinsic
For cancer progression, mutations that inhibit death may be just as important as those that ____.
stimulate growth
If a molecule of _____ strays to the outer leaflet, flippase returns it to the correct position.
phosphatidylserine (PS)
Fragmentation of DNA seen in apoptosis is via an endonuclease that produces up to _____ ds DNA breaks per chromosome.
300,000
What happens to the cell due to the mitochondrial swelling?
ATP isn’t synthesized, pumps fail, and water floods in, causing the cell to swell and burst
In the extrinsic pathway, the CTL upregulates expression of a surface molecule called ______.
Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L)
____ transduces a signal into the cell’s interior, which recruits an adaptor molecule called FADD, which activates _____.
CD95; caspase-8
Inflammatory molecules attract ____, primarily macrophages.
WBCs
If lymphocytes are exposed to radiation in the presence of a drug that blocks transcription, they ______.
do not die
The effect of the ______ is debris removal, injury resolution, and, if the stroma has been damaged, scar formation.
inflammatory process
What is the purpose of apoptosis, as opposed to necrosis?
the damaged cell is ingested by a healthy cell before it spills its dangerous contents
____ makes the mitochondrial membrane permeable and cytochrome C is released into the cytoplasm.
Bax
What does flippase do?
it keeps all PS in the inner leaflet of the bilayer
_____ are the most radiation-sensitive cells in the universe.
Lymphocytes
What organelle is affected first in necrosis?
the mitochondria
Where does the apoptotic cell die?
within the phagocyte
Cytochrome C in the cytoplasm activates a ______ called Apaf-1.
cytoplasmic protein
What happens when PS is on the outer membrane leaflet?
phagocytic cells recognize them, and then bind to and ingest the cell
Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are anti-apoptotic proteins on the ____.
mitochondrial membrane
Caspase-3 and caspase-9 result in the classic appearance of _____.
apoptosis
What is the first stage of compaction of DNA?
a nucleosome
Bax makes the mitochondrial membrane permeable and _____ is released into the _____.
cytochrome C; cytoplasm
What is the common link in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
capsase-3
If a _____ recognizes that a cell is mutated or infected, it instructs the target cell to undergo _____.
cytotoxic T cell; apoptosis
The boiling action of the plasma membrane is called?
zeiosis
____ and ____ are anti-apoptotic proteins on the mitochondrial membrane.
Bcl-2; Bcl-XL
Low-dose radiation does not kill lymphocytes; rather, it induces them _____.
to kill themselves
What does scramblase do?
distributes PS equally on both sides of the membrane during apoptosis
The effect of the inflammatory process is debris removal, injury resolution, and, if the _____ has been damaged, scar formation.
stroma
All the phosphatidylserine (PS) in a normal plasma membrane is confined to the _____.
inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer
