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M2M Unit III > Carcinogenesis I > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis I Flashcards

1
Q

The RB protein is hyperphosphorylated in rapidly proliferating cells at ____ of the cell cycle.

A

S or G2

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2
Q

__________ and _________ may activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressors.

A

Translocations; gene deletions

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2
Q

Autosomal recessively inherited cancers are? (4)

A

1) xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) 2) ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) 3) Bloom’s syndrome 4) Fanconi’s congenital aplastic anemia (FA)

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3
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A

a cancer of B lymphocytes found in the germinal center

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3
Q

____ correlates with a poor prognosis in many cancers.

A

Aneuploidy

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4
Q

Cancer cell phenotype: _________: lack many of the specialized structures and functions of the tissue in which they grow.

A

de-differentiated

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5
Q

Chronic myelocyctic leukemia (CML) is associated with _________ and also see ________.

A

the Philadelphia chromosome; Burkitt lymphoma

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5
Q

xeroderma pigmentosa (XP)

A

ability to repair UV damaged DNA is deficient; cancers occur even after very minimal sun exposure

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5
Q

What binds to and inactivates the mutant RB protein?

A

1) SV40 T antigen 2) HPV E7 protein

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6
Q

What happens to oncogenes in carcinogenesis?

A

they are activated

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7
Q

Cancer cell phenotype: ________ : capable of shedding cells that can drift through the circulation and proliferate in other sites.

A

metastatic

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7
Q

What is the hallmark of the antioncogene or tumor suppressor gene?

A

tumor results from a single cell that has acquired homozygosity

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8
Q

Name 2 tumor suppressors tumors that function by LOH.

A

1) retinoblastoma (RB) 2) APC gene in FAP

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10
Q

A _______ is made up of cells that are not invasive or metatstatic, but they have lost ______. They are _____.

A

benign tumor; growth control and functions of normal cells; immortal

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10
Q

When there is no RB or when it is nonfunctional, cells cannot ______ and _____.

A

down regulate the cell cycle; grow out of control

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10
Q

_____ by CDKs inactivate the RB protein, therefore allowing the cell to proceed from G1 to S.

A

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

Cancer cell phenotype: _________: capable of outgrowth into neighboring normal tissues to extend the boundaries of the tumor.

A

invasive

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12
Q

Early in life, _______ in somatic cells will produce ____ many years later.

A

mutagenic events; tumors

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12
Q

Inactivation of tumor suppressors may occur by ____.

A

LOH

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13
Q

What happens to anti-oncogenes/tumor suppressors in carcinogenesis?

A

they are inactivated

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13
Q

What is ataxia-telangiectasia?

A

severe neuro disability coupled with small dilated blood vessels and increased risk of lymphomas and leukemia

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13
Q

The RB protein is a target for animal tumor viruses, such as ______ and _____.

A

SV40 and HPV

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14
Q

What is loss of heterozygosity?

A

gross chromosomal event that results in the loss of entire genes and the surrounding chromosomal region

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15
Q

What does XP stand for?

A

xeroderma pigmentosa

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16
Q

What does AT stand for?

A

ataxia-telangiectasia

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16
Q

What is the second hit?

A

deletion of the second, functional allele

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17
Q

If E7 and E6 expression is blocked, ______.

A

the cells return to normal phenotype

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18
Q

The RB protein is hypophosphorylated in _____ cells in G0.

A

non-proliferating

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19
Q

Autosomal dominantly inherited cancers are? (4)

A

1) familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP-APC) 2) familial retinoblastoma (RB) 3) familial breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) 4) Wilms tumor syndrome

20
Q

Aneuploidy

A

the wrong # of chromosomes

22
Q

Name the 2 types of genes that allow tumor initiation.

A

1) oncogenes 2) anti-oncogenes/tumor suppressors

23
Q

Cells derived from a high frequency of _____ and from ______ carry a defect in the RB gene.

A

small cell lung cancers; some breast tumors

25
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

chromosomal abnormality from a 9;22 translocation

25
Q

Persons who survive inherited RB have an increased risk of ______, which is usually ______ in origin.

A

developing a 2nd neoplasm; mesenchymal

26
Q

Name 4 steps in carcinogenesis.

A

1) tumor initiation 2) promotion 3) conversion 4) progression

27
Q

What inhibits p53?

A

E6 protein

29
Q

What is an example of a mutagenic event presenting its effects years later?

A

UV light exposure develops melanoma later in life

30
Q

The RB protein is a target for ______.

A

animal tumor viruses

30
Q

____ cells have been growing for 60 years.

A

HeLa

32
Q

Tumor initiation occurs by mutations in at least ______.

A

2 types of genes

33
Q

Because RB is an inhibitor of cell proliferation, it is ____.

A

an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor

34
Q

The RB protein is __________ in rapidly proliferating cells at S or G2 of the cell cycle.

A

hyperphosphorylated

34
Q

Phosphorylation by ____ inactivate the RB protein, therefore allowing the cell to proceed from G1 to S.

A

CDKs

36
Q

What is familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

polyps in the large intestine that turn into cancer if left alone

38
Q

________ is inherited.

A

Susceptibility to cancer

39
Q

What is the incidence rate of RB?

A

1:20,000

41
Q

Cancer cell phenotype: __________: derived from a single cell.

A

clonal

42
Q

______ is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome and also see Burkitt lymphoma.

A

Chronic myelocyctic leukemia (CML)

43
Q

HeLa cells express _____ and ______.

A

HPV E7 and E6 protein

45
Q

Name 3 DNA repair genes.

A

1) p53 2) BRCA1 3) BRCA2

47
Q

If _______, the cells return to normal phenotype.

A

E7 and E6 are blocked

48
Q

Sporadic cases of RB have _____ retinoblastoma while inherited cases are _____.

A

unilateral; bilateral

50
Q

The Knudson theory states that ____ are needed to produce _____.

A

two; retinoblastoma

51
Q

What is the first hit?

A

a point mutation in one gene

52
Q

How do SV40 and HPV work?

A

they drive a quiescent cell into the S phase to proliferate and produce the viral protein

54
Q

Cancer is related to the accumulation of ______ produced by ______.

A

somatic mutations; environmental factors

55
Q

In RB -/- mice, loss of RB results in _____.

A

pituitary tumors with 100% penetrance

56
Q

The RB protein is ______ in non-proliferating cells in G0.

A

hypophosphorylated

57
Q

A mutation in a _______ increases the rate of obtaining further mutations.

A

DNA repair gene

58
Q

Phosphorylation by CDKs _____, therefore allowing the cell to proceed from G1 to S.

A

inactivate the RB protein

59
Q

anti-oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes

A

inhibit cellular proliferation

60
Q

Cancer cell phenotype: _____ to normal signals for proliferation control.

A

unresponsive

62
Q

Susceptibility to cancer can be inherited in a _____ or ____ manner.

A

dominant; recessive

63
Q

Phosphorylation by CDKs inactivate the RB protein, therefore ____.

A

allowing the cell to proceed from G1 to S

64
Q

oncogenes

A

stimulate cellular proliferation

65
Q

The RB protein is hyperphosphorylated in _____ at S or G2 of the cell cycle.

A

rapidly proliferating cells

67
Q

LOH

A

loss of heterozygosity

68
Q

FAP

A

familial adenomatous polyposis

69
Q

Aneuploidy correlates with ________.

A

a poor prognosis

70
Q

E6 protein inhibits _____.

A

p53

71
Q

Cancer is not inherited as _______.

A

a single, Mendelian disease

M2M Unit III (30 decks)

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