Carcinogenesis II Flashcards
When the APC is lost in FAP patients, _____ goes to the nucleus to produce transcription of oncogenes like ____.
Beta-catenin; c-myc
Cells missing _______ accumulate mutations at a much higher rate.
p53
BRCA2 has been shown to be allelic with the ______, FANCD1.
Fanconi’s anemia D1 gene
What is a hotspot?
where p53 mutations are found more than others in cancers
Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in _____ and their loss may give rise to the many mutations needed for full-blown malignancy.
DNA repair
p53 is also required for ______, in which cells commit suicide if their DNA is damaged beyond repair.
apoptosis
Individuals with homozygous mutations in BRCA2 get ______, while heterozygotes get _____.
Fanconi’s anemia; breast cancer
p53 is found in about ____ of all cancers.
50%
The ____ causes the degradation of any unbound and free Beta-catenin in the cytoplasm.
APC protein
The APC gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that regulates the localization of the ______.
Beta-catenin protein
Individuals with _____ mutations in BRCA2 get Fanconi’s anemia, while _____ get breast cancer.
homozygous; heterozygotes
The ___ encodes a cytoplasmic protein that regulates the localization of the Beta-catenin protein.
APC gene
Cells missing p53 accumulate mutations _______.
at a much higher rate
An alteration in amino-acid 157 of p53 is found mainly in _____ and is the result of the mutagenic chemicals found in _____.
lung cancer; cigarette smoke
BRCA2 has been shown to be allelic with the Fanconi’s anemia D1 gene, _____.
FANCD1
p53 mutations produce a ____ that can bind the wild-type p53 protein and inactivate it.
mutant p53 protein
p53 interferes with the life cycle of many human viruses including ______.
Adenovirus and HPV
An alteration in amino-acid ___ of p53 is found mainly in lung cancer and is the result of the mutagenic chemicals found in cigarette smoke
157
Destruction of both ___ and ___ either by cellular mutations or viruses is a major route to cancer.
RB; p53
p53 protein acts as a _____ important for the expression of genes, which prevent cells from replicating damaged or foreign DNA.
transcription factor
_____ acts as a transcription factor important for the expression of genes, which prevent cells from replicating damaged or foreign DNA.
p53 protein
____ has been shown to be allelic with the Fanconi’s anemia D1 gene, FANCD1.
BRCA2
____ is found in about 50% of all cancers.
p53
Where is the APC gene located?
chromosome 5
Beta-catenin is kept at _____ by being bound to Ecadherin in normal cells.
the plasma membrane
Beta-catenin is kept at the plasma membrane by being bound to ____ in normal cells.
Ecadherin
Loss of _____ causes an overexpression of the c-myc oncogene, resulting in cancer.
APC tumor suppressor
____ is required for apoptosis.
p53
Loss of APC tumor suppressor causes an overexpression of _____, resulting in cancer.
the c-myc oncogene
p53 mutations produce a mutant p53 protein that _____.
binds the wild-type p53 protein and inactivate it
____ of woman with breast cancers have inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or 2 genes.
5%
Destruction of both RB and p53 either by ____ or ____ is a major route to cancer.
cellular mutations; viruses
The APC protein causes the degradation of any unbound and free ____ in the ____.
Beta-catenin; cytoplasm
When the APC is lost in FAP patients, Beta-catenin goes to the ____ to produce transcription of oncogenes like c-myc.
nucleus
Which p53 amino acids are altered in all human cancers?
248 or 273
______ is kept at the plasma membrane by being bound to Ecadherin in normal cells.
Beta-catenin
_____ function in DNA repair and their loss may give rise to the many mutations needed for full-blown malignancy.
BRCA1 and BRCA2
