Carcinogenesis II

Question 1

When the APC is lost in FAP patients, _____ goes to the nucleus to produce transcription of oncogenes like ____.

Answer 1

Beta-catenin; c-myc

Question 1

Cells missing _______ accumulate mutations at a much higher rate.

Answer 1

p53

Question 2

BRCA2 has been shown to be allelic with the ______, FANCD1.

Answer 2

Fanconi’s anemia D1 gene

Question 3

What is a hotspot?

Answer 3

where p53 mutations are found more than others in cancers

Question 4

Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in _____ and their loss may give rise to the many mutations needed for full-blown malignancy.

Answer 4

DNA repair

Question 5

p53 is also required for ______, in which cells commit suicide if their DNA is damaged beyond repair.

Answer 5

apoptosis

Question 6

Individuals with homozygous mutations in BRCA2 get ______, while heterozygotes get _____.

Answer 6

Fanconi’s anemia; breast cancer

Question 6

p53 is found in about ____ of all cancers.

Answer 6

50%

Question 8

The ____ causes the degradation of any unbound and free Beta-catenin in the cytoplasm.

Answer 8

APC protein

Question 9

The APC gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that regulates the localization of the ______.

Answer 9

Beta-catenin protein

Question 10

Individuals with _____ mutations in BRCA2 get Fanconi’s anemia, while _____ get breast cancer.

Answer 10

homozygous; heterozygotes

Question 11

The ___ encodes a cytoplasmic protein that regulates the localization of the Beta-catenin protein.

Answer 11

APC gene

Question 11

Cells missing p53 accumulate mutations _______.

Answer 11

at a much higher rate

Question 11

An alteration in amino-acid 157 of p53 is found mainly in _____ and is the result of the mutagenic chemicals found in _____.

Answer 11

lung cancer; cigarette smoke

Question 12

BRCA2 has been shown to be allelic with the Fanconi’s anemia D1 gene, _____.

Answer 12

FANCD1

Question 13

p53 mutations produce a ____ that can bind the wild-type p53 protein and inactivate it.

Answer 13

mutant p53 protein

Question 13

p53 interferes with the life cycle of many human viruses including ______.

Answer 13

Adenovirus and HPV

Question 14

An alteration in amino-acid ___ of p53 is found mainly in lung cancer and is the result of the mutagenic chemicals found in cigarette smoke

Answer 14

157

Question 15

Destruction of both ___ and ___ either by cellular mutations or viruses is a major route to cancer.

Answer 15

RB; p53

Question 16

p53 protein acts as a _____ important for the expression of genes, which prevent cells from replicating damaged or foreign DNA.

Answer 16

transcription factor

Question 17

_____ acts as a transcription factor important for the expression of genes, which prevent cells from replicating damaged or foreign DNA.

Answer 17

p53 protein

Question 18

____ has been shown to be allelic with the Fanconi’s anemia D1 gene, FANCD1.

Answer 18

BRCA2

Question 20

____ is found in about 50% of all cancers.

Answer 20

p53

Question 22

Where is the APC gene located?

Answer 22

chromosome 5

Question 23

Beta-catenin is kept at _____ by being bound to Ecadherin in normal cells.

Answer 23

the plasma membrane

Question 25

Beta-catenin is kept at the plasma membrane by being bound to ____ in normal cells.

Answer 25

Ecadherin

Question 27

Loss of _____ causes an overexpression of the c-myc oncogene, resulting in cancer.

Answer 27

APC tumor suppressor

Question 28

____ is required for apoptosis.

Answer 28

p53

Question 29

Loss of APC tumor suppressor causes an overexpression of _____, resulting in cancer.

Answer 29

the c-myc oncogene

Question 30

p53 mutations produce a mutant p53 protein that _____.

Answer 30

binds the wild-type p53 protein and inactivate it

Question 31

____ of woman with breast cancers have inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or 2 genes.

Answer 31

5%

Question 32

Destruction of both RB and p53 either by ____ or ____ is a major route to cancer.

Answer 32

cellular mutations; viruses

Question 33

The APC protein causes the degradation of any unbound and free ____ in the ____.

Answer 33

Beta-catenin; cytoplasm

Question 34

When the APC is lost in FAP patients, Beta-catenin goes to the ____ to produce transcription of oncogenes like c-myc.

Answer 34

nucleus

Question 35

Which p53 amino acids are altered in all human cancers?

Answer 35

248 or 273

Question 36

______ is kept at the plasma membrane by being bound to Ecadherin in normal cells.

Answer 36

Beta-catenin

Question 37

_____ function in DNA repair and their loss may give rise to the many mutations needed for full-blown malignancy.

Answer 37

BRCA1 and BRCA2