Carbs II Flashcards

1
Q

General outline of glycolysis

A

covert glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate, yeiling 2 molecules of ATP and reduced NADH

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2
Q

what can happen to pyruvate

A

gets fermented into lactate or ethanol, or oxidaized

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3
Q

what do RBC rely on

A

exclusively on glycolysis

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4
Q

what do brain cells rely on

A

mostly glucose (fatty acids can’t cross bbb)

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5
Q

is glycolysis an anaerobic or aerobic reaction

A

anaerobic

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6
Q

1st stage of glycolysis

A

glucose phosphoryalted twice, yeidls fructose 1, 6 bisphophaste. requires 2 ATP

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7
Q

2nd stage of glycolysis

A

fructose 1,6 bisphophase split into 2 fragements

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8
Q

3rd stage of glycolysis

A

, gives 2 ATP

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9
Q

how is fructose procesed

A

fructokinase in liver

hexokinase in muscle

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10
Q

is teh fructokianse reaction dependent on insulin

A

no

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11
Q

how do you degrade galactose

A

phosphoryalted, link to UDP. UDP galactose transported into UDP glucose

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12
Q

what is essential fructosuria caused by

A

deficieny of liver fructokinase

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13
Q

what is hereditary fructose intolerance casued by

A

deficency in aldolase B

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14
Q

symptoms of hereditary fructose intoleracnce

A

jaundice, kidney failure

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15
Q

how do you treat hereditary fructose intoelranc

A

fructose free diet

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16
Q

what is galactosemia casued by

A

defect in galactokinase, galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase, UDP galctose epiermase

17
Q

symptoms of galactosemia

A

liver damge, cataracts, intellectual disability, haundcie, hepatomegaly

18
Q

how do you treat galactosemia

A

galactose free diet

19
Q

what are the important redulated enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokianse
phosphofructosokianse
yruvate kianse

20
Q

what is hexokinase simtulated by

A

insuline

21
Q

what is hexokinase inhibted by

A

G-6-P

Acetyl CoA

22
Q

what is the main regualted step of glycolysis

A

PFK1

23
Q

what is PFK1 inhibited by

A

ATP, citrate

24
Q

what is PFK1 stimulated by

A

hormones, ADP, AMP fructose 2,6 bisphophate

25
Q

what is pyruvate kianse sitmulated by

A

fructose 1,6 bisphophaste, insuline

26
Q

what is pyruvate kianse inhibited by

A

ATP

27
Q

what are the regulartory singals of glycolysis

A

intermeidates
hormones
fructose 2,6bisphophate

28
Q

what is glycolysis stimulated by

A

epinephrine, glucagon

29
Q

what does fructose 2,6 bisdphoate inhbiit

A

fructose bisphophatase

30
Q

what does PKA inhibit

A

phosphofructokinase II

31
Q

how does NADP into the mitochondrial matrix

A

glycorl phosphate shuttle in muscle and brain

malate aspate shuttle in liver and heart

32
Q

how much ATP does the glycerol phophate shuttle yeild

A

2

33
Q

how much ATP does the malate aspartate shuttle yeild

A

3

34
Q

what happens to NADP if there is no oxygen aviable

A

pyruvate acts as acceptor, which is then reduced to lactate

35
Q

where does lactic acid fermation happen

A

RBCs and muscles during vigorous excerise

36
Q

wht happens to lactaste

A

transported to liver, liver oxidized to pyruvate, which syntehsizes glucose (cori cycle)

37
Q

what is the most common hereditary enzymatic defect in glycolysis

A

pyruvate kinase deficeny