Carbs I Flashcards
What can glucose be made into via modification
proteoglycans, other glycosides
what can glucose produce bia the PPP
ribose, NADPH
what can glycose be used to make via glycolysis
pyruvate
oligosaccharides
less than 10 molecules are linked
polysaccharides
chains more than 10 molecules
beta configation
C1 hydroxyl group on the same side of ring
alpha confiration
C1 hydroxyl group on the opp side of the ring
mutarotation
in solution the alpha and beta form interconvert
what does mutarotation explain
damaging effects from teh reducing power of glucose.
in the open chain form waht can sugard do
reduce proteins
what happens when you oxidize the C1 hydroxyl group of glucose
initae the PPP
what happens if you oxidize the C6-hydroxyl group
yield uronic acid, which are important for proteoglycans in teh ECM
what does reduction of glucose yield
hexitol
what does oxiation of glucose yield
acids and ketones
what happens when you phosphorylate glucose
makes free glucose, which is found in extracellular fluids and enterocytes
what happens when you aminiate glucose
helps make UDP-GlcNAc
what does glucosamine synthesis start from
fructose 6 phosphate
where are sulfated sugars found
large proteoglycan molecules that make up ECM
what do sulfate groups add to the molecule
negative charge
formation of glycosidic bond mechanism
- sugar linked to nucleotide, requires ATP, to form NDP-sugar
- NDP-sugar transfers carb to target molecule, catalyzed by glycosyltransfase and does not require ATP
what are glycosidic bonds formed between
substrate and activated sugar nucleotide
what is UDP-glucose required for
synthesis of glyogen
what is UP-glucuronic acid required for
liver detox reaction
glycogen synthase
builds storage carbohydrate glycogen by transferring glucose from UDP glucose to an existing glycogen molecule
UDP glucuronyltransferases
transfer glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronate to many differetn substrates to facilitte excretion
echinocandians
antifungal drugs that prevent synthesis of gungal cell wall beta glucan
ethambutol
imparies cell wall in TB
function of alpha linked polysaccharides
storage form of glucose.
functino of beta linked polysaccharides
structural support
main breakdown produces of starch and glycogen degration
maltose, maltotriose, glucose, alpha-limit dextin
what degrades straches in the small intestine
alpha glucosidase and isomaltase
wht is maltase hydrolyzed by
maltase
what is lactose hydrolyzed into
glucose and galactose
what is maltose hydrolyzed into
2 glucose molecules
what is sucros split into
glucose and fructose
raffinose
sugar in seeds that can’t be digested easily, leads to farts
where is Na+/glucose symporter SGLT1 located
small intestine and kidney
function of Na+/glucose symporter SGLT1
active transport of glucose adn galatone into epithelial cells
where is GLUT1 found
all tissues
function of GLUT1
basal glucose/galactose uptake
location of GLUT2
liver, intestine, beta cells of pancreas
function of GLUT 2 in liver
removal of glucose/galactose form blood
function of GLUT 2 in intestine
relase of glucose/galactose from epithelial cells into circulation
function of GLUT 2 in pancrease
regulation of insulin secretion
wehre is GLUT 3 found
all tissues
function of GLUT 3
basal glucose galactose uptake
where is GLUT 4 found
muscles and adipose tissue
function of GLUT 4
incraeses with endurance training, can be translocated to cell surface
where is GLUT 5 located
small intetine, liver
function of GLUT 5
uptake of fructose
what transport is induced by insuline
GLUT 4
function of hexokinase
phorphorylates c6 of glucose, gives it a neg change, prevents it from being transported across membrane
function of galactosekinase
traps galctose inside cells
what does liver produce instead of hexokinase
glucokinase
fructokinase
high affinity uptake and degration of fructose in hepatocytes
what is different about glucokinase in comparision to hexokinase
it’s not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate, so it keeps trapping glucose in the liver even if intracellualr conc are high
