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Biomed BL1011 > Carbs > Flashcards

Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

Name four biomolecules (C,H,O,N)

A

1.Carbs
2.Proteins
3.Lipids
4.Nuclei Acids

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2
Q

Empirical formula for hydrates of Carbon

A

CH2O

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3
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature?

A

Carbs

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4
Q

4 Functions of Carbs?

A

1.Dietary requirement
2.Energy Storage
3.Component of Cell membranes (Glycolipids etc)
4.Structural component of many organisms(cellulose)

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5
Q

Name two monosaccharides

A

1.Glucose

2.Fructose

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6
Q

Name two disaccharides

A

1.Maltose (2 Glucose)
2.Lactose (galactose and glucose)
3.Sucrose (Fructose and glucose)

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7
Q

Name three oligosaccharides

A

1.Raffinose
2.maltotriose
3.Oligofructose

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8
Q

Name three polysaccharides

A

Starch (linear)
Cellulose
Glycogen(Branches)

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9
Q

What reaction can monosaccharides not undergo?

A

They cannot be hydrolysed (hydrolysis)

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10
Q

Can be same structural isomer but different name, why?

A

Different functional groups

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11
Q

What is the difference between Aldose and ketone?

A

If the C=O (carbonyl carbon) is at the end it is an Aldose
If it’s elsewhere it is a ketone

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12
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structure (e.g) glucose,Fructose.

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13
Q

What is an Epimer?

A

Where one carbon along the chain is different

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14
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

A molecule is a mirror image of another (non-superimposable)

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15
Q

Are most human sugars D-arranged or L-Arranged?

A

Most sugars in humans are D-

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16
Q

What sides are D- and L- assigned?

A

D- = Left
L- = Right

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17
Q

What percentage of monosaccharides exist as open chained?

A

1% and the rest are a ring formation

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18
Q

What type of carbon is formed when cyclisation occurs within a monosaccharide?

A

An anomeric carbon is created

19
Q

What side is the -OH group on an Alpha glucose

A

Alpha=downwards (fish)

20
Q

What side is -OH on a Beta Glucose?

A

OH = upwards (bird)

21
Q

What can monosaccharides form when they bond together (-saccharides)?

A

They can create di-,oligo-, or polysaccharides

22
Q

What reaction and bonds occur when monosaccharides bond together?

A

A condensation reaction occurs and creates glycosidic bonds

23
Q

What catalyses creation of glycosidic bonds?

A

Glycosyltransferase

24
Q

Name three important polysaccharides that are all polymers of glucose

A

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

25
Q

How is an alpha bond characterised?

A

If the anomeric hydroxyl is in Alpha configuration

26
Q

How is a beta bond characterised?

A

If the anomeric hydroxyl group is in beta configuration

27
Q

What is possible if the anomeric hydroxyl group is not bonded to another compound?

A

It is possible for the ring to open and for the sugar to act as a reducing agent

28
Q

Are all monosaccharides reducing sugars?

A

Yes all monosaccharides are reducing sugars

29
Q

What can reducing sugars react with and what do they do to the reagent?

A

They can react with chromatic agents (e.g detect sugars in urine) and cause the reagent to become reduced and coloured

30
Q

What group do reducing sugars oxidise?

A

They oxidise the aldehyde group of the cyclic sugar (E.g Benedict’s test)

31
Q

What’s are the biomedical importances of Glucose?

A

1.main sugar and important energy source in all cells.
2.Ribose in nucleotides and nucleic acids.
3.Forms glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipids.

32
Q

Why is glucose stored as polymers and what polymer?

A

They are stored as glycogen(cosmetically inactive) as it is compact and also large surface area, also if stored as glucose it affects osmotic balance

33
Q

Where is glycogen mainly found?

A

Glycogen is found mainly in the Liver and muscle cells.

34
Q

What bonds are present in Glycogen?

A

Alpha 1,6 and 1,4 bonds.

35
Q

How often do Alpha 1,4 bonds in glycogen occur?

A

Once every 10 units of glucose causing branching (via branching/debranching enzymes)

36
Q

What is starch composed of and its function in a plant?

A

It is a storage of glucose, and composed of two polysaccharides

37
Q

What are the two polysaccharides in starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

38
Q

Structure of amylose?

A

1,4 bonds only making it linear, 1 reducing and non reducing end

39
Q

Structure of amylopectin?

A

Alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bonds causing branching, many non reducing ends but one reducing end

40
Q

How often does amylopectin branch?

A

Once every 20-30 units of glucose

41
Q

What is the function of cellulose and is it abundant?

A

A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls which is the most abundant organic molecule on earth.

42
Q

What is cellulose also known as and why is it indigestible to mammals?

A

AKA fibre and is indigestible because mammals lack cellulase

43
Q

What type of bonds are in Cellulose?

A

Chains of Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

Biomed BL1011 (36 decks)

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