Carbs

Question 1

Name four biomolecules (C,H,O,N)

Answer 1

1.Carbs
2.Proteins
3.Lipids
4.Nuclei Acids

Question 2

Empirical formula for hydrates of Carbon

Answer 2

CH2O

Question 3

What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature?

Answer 3

Carbs

Question 4

4 Functions of Carbs?

Answer 4

1.Dietary requirement
2.Energy Storage
3.Component of Cell membranes (Glycolipids etc)
4.Structural component of many organisms(cellulose)

Question 5

Name two monosaccharides

Answer 5

1.Glucose

2.Fructose

Question 6

Name two disaccharides

Answer 6

1.Maltose (2 Glucose)
2.Lactose (galactose and glucose)
3.Sucrose (Fructose and glucose)

Question 7

Name three oligosaccharides

Answer 7

1.Raffinose
2.maltotriose
3.Oligofructose

Question 8

Name three polysaccharides

Answer 8

Starch (linear)
Cellulose
Glycogen(Branches)

Question 9

What reaction can monosaccharides not undergo?

Answer 9

They cannot be hydrolysed (hydrolysis)

Question 10

Can be same structural isomer but different name, why?

Answer 10

Different functional groups

Question 11

What is the difference between Aldose and ketone?

Answer 11

If the C=O (carbonyl carbon) is at the end it is an Aldose
If it’s elsewhere it is a ketone

Question 12

What is an isomer?

Answer 12

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structure (e.g) glucose,Fructose.

Question 13

What is an Epimer?

Answer 13

Where one carbon along the chain is different

Question 14

What is an enantiomer?

Answer 14

A molecule is a mirror image of another (non-superimposable)

Question 15

Are most human sugars D-arranged or L-Arranged?

Answer 15

Most sugars in humans are D-

Question 16

What sides are D- and L- assigned?

Answer 16

D- = Left
L- = Right

Question 17

What percentage of monosaccharides exist as open chained?

Answer 17

1% and the rest are a ring formation

Question 18

What type of carbon is formed when cyclisation occurs within a monosaccharide?

Answer 18

An anomeric carbon is created

Question 19

What side is the -OH group on an Alpha glucose

Answer 19

Alpha=downwards (fish)

Question 20

What side is -OH on a Beta Glucose?

Answer 20

OH = upwards (bird)

Question 21

What can monosaccharides form when they bond together (-saccharides)?

Answer 21

They can create di-,oligo-, or polysaccharides

Question 22

What reaction and bonds occur when monosaccharides bond together?

Answer 22

A condensation reaction occurs and creates glycosidic bonds

Question 23

What catalyses creation of glycosidic bonds?

Answer 23

Glycosyltransferase

Question 24

Name three important polysaccharides that are all polymers of glucose

Answer 24

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

Question 25

How is an alpha bond characterised?

Answer 25

If the anomeric hydroxyl is in Alpha configuration

Question 26

How is a beta bond characterised?

Answer 26

If the anomeric hydroxyl group is in beta configuration

Question 27

What is possible if the anomeric hydroxyl group is not bonded to another compound?

Answer 27

It is possible for the ring to open and for the sugar to act as a reducing agent

Question 28

Are all monosaccharides reducing sugars?

Answer 28

Yes all monosaccharides are reducing sugars

Question 29

What can reducing sugars react with and what do they do to the reagent?

Answer 29

They can react with chromatic agents (e.g detect sugars in urine) and cause the reagent to become reduced and coloured

Question 30

What group do reducing sugars oxidise?

Answer 30

They oxidise the aldehyde group of the cyclic sugar (E.g Benedict’s test)

Question 31

What’s are the biomedical importances of Glucose?

Answer 31

1.main sugar and important energy source in all cells. 2.Ribose in nucleotides and nucleic acids. 3.Forms glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipids.

Question 32

Why is glucose stored as polymers and what polymer?

Answer 32

They are stored as glycogen(cosmetically inactive) as it is compact and also large surface area, also if stored as glucose it affects osmotic balance

Question 33

Where is glycogen mainly found?

Answer 33

Glycogen is found mainly in the Liver and muscle cells.

Question 34

What bonds are present in Glycogen?

Answer 34

Alpha 1,6 and 1,4 bonds.

Question 35

How often do Alpha 1,4 bonds in glycogen occur?

Answer 35

Once every 10 units of glucose causing branching (via branching/debranching enzymes)

Question 36

What is starch composed of and its function in a plant?

Answer 36

It is a storage of glucose, and composed of two polysaccharides

Question 37

What are the two polysaccharides in starch?

Answer 37

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 38

Structure of amylose?

Answer 38

1,4 bonds only making it linear, 1 reducing and non reducing end

Question 39

Structure of amylopectin?

Answer 39

Alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bonds causing branching, many non reducing ends but one reducing end

Question 40

How often does amylopectin branch?

Answer 40

Once every 20-30 units of glucose

Question 41

What is the function of cellulose and is it abundant?

Answer 41

A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls which is the most abundant organic molecule on earth.

Question 42

What is cellulose also known as and why is it indigestible to mammals?

Answer 42

AKA fibre and is indigestible because mammals lack cellulase

Question 43

What type of bonds are in Cellulose?

Answer 43

Chains of Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds.