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Biomed BL1011 > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

A

To duplicate an existing cell and split, important in growth, healing and a pretty universal technique.

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2
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

A

1.M phase
2.G1 phase
3.S phase
4.G2 phase

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3
Q

Main functions of the phases?

A

G1-Required for cell growth and to double mass of proteins and organelles
S phase- DNA synthesis
G2-Between S and M phase.

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4
Q

Why are gap phases important?

A

Allow cell to grow and monitors conditions before commiting to S phase and mitosis

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5
Q

What happens during S phase

A

DNA replication and chromatin proteins
And activate proteins involved in DNA replication

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6
Q

What happens during M phase?

A

5 stages of mitosis and cytokinesis (cell div)

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7
Q

What are the stages of mitosis called?

A

Prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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8
Q

What can major events in external environment or other factors do in the cell cycle?

A

Can stop cell division at checkpoints

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9
Q

What do cancer cells do in cell cycle?

A

They ignore cell cycle control system and run the checkpoints

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10
Q

What happens during M phase?

A

Sister chromatids separated into identical daughter cells

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11
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Replicated chromosomes condense

Centrosomes replicate and move apart and mitotic spindles form

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12
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down and the kinetocore of the chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules

Kinetocore is bonded to centromere of the chromosome

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13
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align between spindle poles and microtubules attach sister chromatids to whatever pole they are close to

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14
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids seperate as microtubules get shorter and spindle poles move apart pulling them to each pole

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15
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles and decondense and nuclear envelope forms on both ends of

End of mitosis

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16
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Formation of a contractile ring that pinches cell into two

Two genetically identical daughter cells with one nuclei each

17
Q

Overview of sexual reproduction

A

Occurs in diploid organisms -two sets of chromosomes

Required haploid cells (sperm egg) to fuse and restore diploid state however with genetically distinct offspring

18
Q

What makes a chromosome?
And where is a centromere?

A

Two sister chromatids

Centromere is in the middle of the chromatids/chromosome

19
Q

What the major difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis goes through cell division once whereas meiosis goes through cell division twice to form four haploid cells

20
Q

Gametes are produced by two meiotic cell divisions, what are they call and what do they do?

A

Meiosis I - Homologous chromosomes are separated (unique to meiosis)

Meiosis II - sister chromatids are separated (same as mitosis)

21
Q

Overview of meiosis I

A

Duplicated homologous paternal and maternal chromosomes pair up next to each other and exchange piece of each other then line up on equator and pulled apart

Two daughter cells are formed

22
Q

What are the 5 stages of Meiosis I?

A

Prophase I
Prometaphase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

23
Q

What happens in Prophase I?

A

Duplicated chromosomes from S phase condenses and homologous chromosomes recognise each other

Form a bivalent four chromatid structure

24
Q

How does DNA crossover happen and where does it take place in prophase I?

A

Takes place at the chiasmata by double strand breaking into chromatid DNA

25
Q

What happens during prometaphase I?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetocore microtubules attached to chromosomes

26
Q

What happens during metaphase I?

A

Paired homologous chromosomes align in middle of spindle equator via microtubules and are randomly orientated

27
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes seperate and sister chromatids stay attached moving to opposite poles

28
Q

What happens during telophase I?

A

Spindle fibres disconnect from sister chromatids and 2n 2n haploid nuclei envelopes form

29
Q

Overview of meiosis II

A

No DNA replication between Meiosis I and II

Sister chromatids pulled apart to produce 4 haploid daughter cells (inheriting either maternal or paternal copy of each chromosome).

30
Q

What stages in meiosis II

A

Same as I but with number II on the end of em

31
Q

What would you compare meiosis II ?

A

Meiosis II is the same as mitosis

32
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Genetically different haploid cells via prophase I

Biomed BL1011 (33 decks)

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