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Misc. Notes Year 2 > CAP test > Flashcards

CAP test Flashcards

1
Q

A child with a non-blanching rash, headache, neck stiffness and a high blood pressure, what should you suspect

A

Meningitis –> septic shock

High BP due to hyperdynamic condition

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2
Q

What kind of lens is needed to correct myopic vision and why

A

A concave lens

Because the light is focussed in front of the retina

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3
Q

At what age is congenital deafness typically recognised

A

2 Years

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4
Q

Before the age of 2 years, what is the commonest cause of congenital deafness

A

Congenital Cytomegalovirus in early pregnancy

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5
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation

A

LH surge

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6
Q

What can cause gradual vision loss in a patient with diabetes

A

Retinopathy

Cataract

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7
Q

What can cause sudden vision loss in a patient with diabetes

A

Retinal haemorrhage

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8
Q

What antibiotics can you give for persistent/severe sinusitis + 2nd line

A

Penicillin V

Doxycycline

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9
Q

What antibiotics can you give for a sore throat + 2nd line

A

Penicillin V

Clarithromycin

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10
Q

What antibiotic can you give for epiglottitis + if allergic

A

Ceftriaxone

Chloramphenicol

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11
Q

Which antibody is highly diagnostic for SLE

A

Anti-dsDNA

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12
Q

What supplies energy for the first 4 seconds, until 15 seconds, until 4 mins, until 77mins and over 4 days

A 
ATP --> 4 seconds 
Phosphocreatinine --> 15 seconds 
Free glucose -->  4 mins 
Glycogen stores --> 77mins 
Fat stores --> 4+ days
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13
Q

What are the possible causes of bile coloured, non-projectile vomit and what is the investigation

A

Malrotation or Volvulus

Abdominal X-ray

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14
Q

What are the possible causes of projectile vomit from a hungry child and what is the investigation

A

Pyloric stenosis

Abdominal ultrasound will show a thickened pylorus

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15
Q

What is the mandatory first step for a high energy open fracture

A

Debridement

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16
Q

What is the management of a low impact, undisplaced distal radius fracture

A

Cast immobilisation for 5 weeks

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17
Q

How can you differentiate between dermatitis herpetiformis and linear IgA disease

A

Dermatitis Herpetiformis will show granular IgA at the dermal papillae
Linear IgA will show linear IgA in the basement membrane

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18
Q

What is a diagnostic blood test which can be done for a toddler with hypovolaemic shock and a non-blanching rash

A

Meningococcal PCR

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19
Q

What test should be done before considering lumbar puncture in a child with suspected meningitis

A

Clotting screen to prevent an unnecessary risk of meningococcal septicaemia

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20
Q

Which molecule is a precursor for T3 but not T4 and explain

A

DIT + MIT = T3

DIT + DIT = T4

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve passes directly through the cavernous sinus

A

CN VI

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22
Q

Pathology of the cavernous sinus is most likely to affect which cranial nerve and how will this present

A

CN VI

Convergent squint and reduced abduction

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23
Q

Describe the afferent nerve pathway that causes pupillary constriction

A

Fibres of the oculomotor nerve pass from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, via ciliary ganglion, to cause constriction

24
Q

What should you think of upon seeing the absence of the pars interarticularis on X-ray

A

Stress fracture causing spondylolysis

25
Q

What is the difference between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis

A

Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebra
Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage on one vertebra on another

26
Q

What is a burst fracture and how can it typically occur

A

Severe compression of a vertebral body

Tends to occur during very heavy loading of the axial spine

27
Q

What should you suspect in a patient who has pain upon weight bearing following trauma which was treated conservatively

A

Secondary post-traumatic osteoarthritis

28
Q

What investigation should be carried out for a patient with direct trauma to the nose which has caused obvious visual deformity

A

No investigation needed

29
Q

What investigation can be carried out for someone with recurrent sinusitis

A

CT scan of sinuses

30
Q

If an infant presents with a harsh sound on breathing and respiratory distress, what should you suspect and what is the most common causative organism

A

Croup

Most commonly para-influenzae virus

31
Q

When does menarche typically occur in females

A

2 years after the onset of puberty

32
Q

An infant presents 24hrs after birth with jaundice, what should you think of

A

Haemolysis jaundice

33
Q

An infant presents 4 days after birth with jaundice, what should you think of

A

Physiological jaundice

34
Q

An infant presents with prolonged jaundice, what should you think of

A

Obstructive jaundice

35
Q

Which nerve is at risk in surgical procedures involving the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Spinal accessory

36
Q

Which nerve is at risk in surgical procedures involving the submandibular gland

A

Marginal mandibular nerve

37
Q

Which nerve is at risk in surgical procedures involving the lower wisdom teeth

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

38
Q

Which pathway leads to ketone body formation

A

Lipolysis

39
Q

Which technique is typically used to look for a chromosomal imbalance

A

Array CGH

40
Q

What is contained within thyroid follicles and which cells line the periphery

A

Colloid

Lined with follicular cells

41
Q

Which branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is involved with corneal sensation, and can be affected in herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

Nasociliary nerve

42
Q

What disease is suggested by exclamation mark hairs

A

Alopecia Areata

43
Q

How can you differentiate between a simple and a tension pneumothorax

A

Palpate the trachea

44
Q

Which drug is used to prevent gout but can also cause gout and how does it work

A

Allopurinol

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

45
Q

How should traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder be managed

A

Closed reduction and sling immobilization for 4 weeks

46
Q

Name 2 conditions that the oral combined pill can cause

A

Spider naevus

Erythema nodosum

47
Q

Which asthma medication can cause exacerbation of acne

A

Oral steroids

48
Q

What acuity is considered legally blind

A

6/60

49
Q

How would you record the acuity of a patient that could only read the top letter on a Snellen chart

A

6/60 (Legally Blind)

50
Q

What is the pathology behind neurogenic pruritis and give a few examples

A

Effect on CNS receptors

e.g Renal/Hepatic failure or malignancy

51
Q

What is the commonest cause of renal failure in kids under 5

A

E. Coli O157

52
Q

What investigation is done to check for E. Coli O157

A

Stool culture

53
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms which suggest fat embolism

A

Respiratory symptoms
Neurological symptoms
Petechial rash

54
Q

What is causing the flexion of fingers in the 2nd (active contractile) stage of Dupuytren’s contracture

A

Myofibroblasts in the lesion

55
Q

What is the precursor to ACTH and what else can it produce and how is this relevant clinically

A

POMC can become ACTH or melanocyte-stimulating hormone - which is why Addison’s patients have dark skin

56
Q

Describe claw hand and which nerve is injured to cause it

A

Hyperextension of MCP joints and flexion of DIPJ & PIPJ

Caused by a lower ulnar nerve palsy

Misc. Notes Year 2 (30 decks)

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