Cammy Renal

Question 1

What is horseshoe kidney

Answer 1

Conjoined kidney usually at the lower pole

Question 2

What is renal agenesis and what happens when it is unilateral

Answer 2

Absence kidney

If unilateral, leads to hypertrophy of single kidney

Question 3

Which congenital kidney abnormality leads to oligohydroamnios and lung hypoplasia

Answer 3

Bilateral renal agenesis

Question 4

Gene and chromosome in ARPKD

Answer 4

PKDH1 on chromosome 6

Question 5

1st line investigation for suspected PKD

Answer 5

USS

Question 6

Gene and chromosome in ADPKD

Answer 6

PKD1 on chromosome 16

Question 7

Risk of the children of patients with ADPKD getting disease

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

Which PKD is associated with Berry Aneurysms and where are these found

Answer 8

ADPKD

Circle of Willis

Question 9

Which valve abnormality is associated with ADPKD

Answer 9

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 10

BP target in PKD

Answer 10

<130/80

Question 11

Which drug can be used to decrease cyst volume in ADPKD

Answer 11

Tolvaptan

Question 12

How does Tolvaptan work and which syndrome can it be used to treat

Answer 12

Vasopressin antagonist –> can be used for SIADH

Question 13

Gene and mode of transmission of Alport’s

Answer 13

COL4A5

X-Linked

Question 14

Which symptom along with haematuria is characteristic of Alports

Answer 14

Deafness

Question 15

What is seen on renal biopsy in an Alport’s patient

Answer 15

Variable thickness of GBM

Question 16

Anderson-Fabry’s disease is a deficiency of what

Answer 16

Alpha-galactosidase

Question 17

Treatment for Anderson-Fabry’s

Answer 17

Fabryzyme

Question 18

What is cutaneous angiokeratoma and what disease is it associated with

Answer 18

Clusters of telangiectasia around belly button

Anderson-Fabry’s

Question 19

Parenchymal fibrosis leading to shrunken kidneys is a description of which disease

Answer 19

Medullary cystic kidney

Question 20

Treatment for Medullary cystic kidney

Answer 20

Transplant

Question 21

What do Dymorphic and Isomorphic RBC casts suggest

Answer 21

Dysmorphic = from kidney 
Isomorphic = from bladder

Question 22

Which syndrome are Red cell casts associated with

Answer 22

Nephritic syndrome

Question 23

Muddy brown casts suggests what

Answer 23

Acute Tubular necrosis

Question 24

3 ways to diagnose AKI

Answer 24

Increase in creatinine by 26.4
Increase in creatinine by 50%
Oliguria

Question 25

Untreated pre-renal AKI can lead to what

Answer 25

Acute Tubular necrosis

Question 26

Flash Pulmonary Oedema suggests what

Answer 26

Renal Artery Stenosis

Question 27

Define malignant hypertension

Answer 27

Diastolic >165mmHg

Question 28

Fibrinoid Necrosis in arterioles and glomerular tufts is a buzzword for what

Answer 28

Malignant hypertension

Question 29

Fibromuscular dyplasia can occur as a part of which connective tissue disease

Answer 29

Ehler-Danlos

Question 30

When would nephrostomy be indicated in post renal AKI

Answer 30

If signs of infection or abscess

Question 31

5 indications for Dialysis in AKI

Answer 31

``` A- Acidosis pH < 7.15 E- Electrolytes K >6.5 I- Intoxication O- Overload of fluid U- Uraemic Pericarditis ```

Question 32

What sort of GFR does dialysis provide

Answer 32

10-12ml/min

Question 33

Triple therapy for transplant patients

Answer 33

Tacrolimus MMF Prednisolone

Question 34

What level of GFR will cause symptoms in someone with CKD

Answer 34

<20 ml/min

Question 35

Frothy urine & fatty casts suggest which 2 pathologies which, when they present together are part of a syndrome

Answer 35

Proteinuria Hypercholesterolaemia Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 36

Why does nephrotic syndrome cause a hypercoagulable state

Answer 36

Loss of AT III

Question 37

Why does nephrotic syndrome make you more susceptible to infection

Answer 37

Loss of Opsonising antibodies

Question 38

Diabetic nephropathy involves deposition of what

Answer 38

Type IV collagen

Question 39

Why does microalbuminuria occur in diabetic nephropathy

Answer 39

Hyperfiltration

Question 40

What is the problem with Kass's criteria for probable UTI

Answer 40

Only applies to women of childbearing age

Question 41

Sterile Pyuria suggests what

Answer 41

Abacterial cystitis

Question 42

What is the vesicoureteral reflex and what can it cause

Answer 42

Backflow of urine | Pyelonephritis

Question 43

Waxy casts in urine are cuased by what, and are a buzzword for what disease

Answer 43

Atrophic tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material Seen in Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 44

Sterile Pyuria can suggest what disease apart from abacterial cystitis

Answer 44

Tuberculous Pyelonephritis

Question 45

Cortical Scarring and blunted calyces can be seen in which disease

Answer 45

Chronic pyelonephritis

Question 46

Fibromas originate from which part of the kidney

Answer 46

Medullary origin

Question 47

Which benign renal tumour originates from the cortex

Answer 47

Adenoma

Question 48

A central scar on CT suggests what

Answer 48

Oncocytoma

Question 49

Why can a left sided varicocele be seen as a presentation of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 49

Right spermatic vein drains straight into IVC whereas left spermatic vein can be blocked at the left renal vein

Question 50

Urinary bladder halo sign suggests what

Answer 50

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 51

Which industry is associated with urothelial carcinoma

Answer 51

Dyes industry

Question 52

What are the 2 types of bladder cancer and what is the difference

Answer 52

Flat/solid – develops as a high-grade flat tumour | Papillary – develops as a low-grade papillary tumour that progresses to a high-grade papillary tumour

Question 53

What are the three testicular tumour markers and what do they correlate to

Answer 53

bHCG - Trophoblastic components AFP - Yolk sac components PLAP - Seminoma mainly