Cammy Renal Flashcards
What is horseshoe kidney
Conjoined kidney usually at the lower pole
What is renal agenesis and what happens when it is unilateral
Absence kidney
If unilateral, leads to hypertrophy of single kidney
Which congenital kidney abnormality leads to oligohydroamnios and lung hypoplasia
Bilateral renal agenesis
Gene and chromosome in ARPKD
PKDH1 on chromosome 6
1st line investigation for suspected PKD
USS
Gene and chromosome in ADPKD
PKD1 on chromosome 16
Risk of the children of patients with ADPKD getting disease
50%
Which PKD is associated with Berry Aneurysms and where are these found
ADPKD
Circle of Willis
Which valve abnormality is associated with ADPKD
Mitral valve prolapse
BP target in PKD
<130/80
Which drug can be used to decrease cyst volume in ADPKD
Tolvaptan
How does Tolvaptan work and which syndrome can it be used to treat
Vasopressin antagonist –> can be used for SIADH
Gene and mode of transmission of Alport’s
COL4A5
X-Linked
Which symptom along with haematuria is characteristic of Alports
Deafness
What is seen on renal biopsy in an Alport’s patient
Variable thickness of GBM
Anderson-Fabry’s disease is a deficiency of what
Alpha-galactosidase
Treatment for Anderson-Fabry’s
Fabryzyme
What is cutaneous angiokeratoma and what disease is it associated with
Clusters of telangiectasia around belly button
Anderson-Fabry’s
Parenchymal fibrosis leading to shrunken kidneys is a description of which disease
Medullary cystic kidney
Treatment for Medullary cystic kidney
Transplant
What do Dymorphic and Isomorphic RBC casts suggest
Dysmorphic = from kidney Isomorphic = from bladder
Which syndrome are Red cell casts associated with
Nephritic syndrome
Muddy brown casts suggests what
Acute Tubular necrosis
3 ways to diagnose AKI
Increase in creatinine by 26.4
Increase in creatinine by 50%
Oliguria
Untreated pre-renal AKI can lead to what
Acute Tubular necrosis
Flash Pulmonary Oedema suggests what
Renal Artery Stenosis
Define malignant hypertension
Diastolic >165mmHg
Fibrinoid Necrosis in arterioles and glomerular tufts is a buzzword for what
Malignant hypertension
Fibromuscular dyplasia can occur as a part of which connective tissue disease
Ehler-Danlos
When would nephrostomy be indicated in post renal AKI
If signs of infection or abscess
5 indications for Dialysis in AKI
A- Acidosis pH < 7.15 E- Electrolytes K >6.5 I- Intoxication O- Overload of fluid U- Uraemic Pericarditis
What sort of GFR does dialysis provide
10-12ml/min
Triple therapy for transplant patients
Tacrolimus
MMF
Prednisolone
What level of GFR will cause symptoms in someone with CKD
<20 ml/min
Frothy urine & fatty casts suggest which 2 pathologies which, when they present together are part of a syndrome
Proteinuria
Hypercholesterolaemia
Nephrotic Syndrome
Why does nephrotic syndrome cause a hypercoagulable state
Loss of AT III
Why does nephrotic syndrome make you more susceptible to infection
Loss of Opsonising antibodies
Diabetic nephropathy involves deposition of what
Type IV collagen
Why does microalbuminuria occur in diabetic nephropathy
Hyperfiltration
What is the problem with Kass’s criteria for probable UTI
Only applies to women of childbearing age
Sterile Pyuria suggests what
Abacterial cystitis
What is the vesicoureteral reflex and what can it cause
Backflow of urine
Pyelonephritis
Waxy casts in urine are cuased by what, and are a buzzword for what disease
Atrophic tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material
Seen in Chronic Pyelonephritis
Sterile Pyuria can suggest what disease apart from abacterial cystitis
Tuberculous Pyelonephritis
Cortical Scarring and blunted calyces can be seen in which disease
Chronic pyelonephritis
Fibromas originate from which part of the kidney
Medullary origin
Which benign renal tumour originates from the cortex
Adenoma
A central scar on CT suggests what
Oncocytoma
Why can a left sided varicocele be seen as a presentation of renal cell carcinoma
Right spermatic vein drains straight into IVC whereas left spermatic vein can be blocked at the left renal vein
Urinary bladder halo sign suggests what
Transitional cell carcinoma
Which industry is associated with urothelial carcinoma
Dyes industry
What are the 2 types of bladder cancer and what is the difference
Flat/solid – develops as a high-grade flat tumour
Papillary – develops as a low-grade papillary tumour that progresses to a high-grade papillary tumour
What are the three testicular tumour markers and what do they correlate to
bHCG - Trophoblastic components
AFP - Yolk sac components
PLAP - Seminoma mainly
