Cammy Endocrine Flashcards
Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernou sinus
CN III, IV, V1, V2, IV
Why does a prolactinoms present earlier in females
Causes menstrual irregularities which are picked up on quicker by females
Compared to decreased libido in males
A growth hormone secreting adenoma will cause what in a child and in an adult
Gigantism in kids
Acromegaly in adults
What is gigantism
Increased linear bone growth meaning the epiphyses are not fused
What is the 1st line treatment for prolactinoma
Dopamine agonist e.g cabergoline
Name a GH receptor antagonist
Pegvisomant
Cushing’s disease causes what changes with regards to the adrenal glands
Bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia
Do symptoms of hypopituitarism present early or late
Late - typically once >75% of the pituitary parenchyma has been lost
What is apoplexy
Bleeding into an adenoma
What is a patient with pallor and hairlessness a classical picture of
Pan-hypopituitarism
How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed
Water deprivation test
When might a water deprivation test be avoided in a case of suspected diabtes insipidus
If the baseline serum : urine osmolality is greater than 2
How can SIADH be treated
Remove source of ectopic ADH
Tolvaptan
What is increased apart from Prolactin during breastfeeding and pregnancy/labour
Oxytocin
Which thyroid pathology can cause hyperprolactinaemia
Primary hypothyroidism
Increases TRH which stimulates Prolactin release
What are the 2 pathologies which can be classed as primary hyperaldosteronism
Conn’s syndrome - adrenal adenoma
Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
What is screening test for Cushing’s syndrome
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test
How does Nelson’s syndrome arise
Enlarging pituitary tumour after bilateral adrenalectomy
Do Addison’s disease symptoms present late or early
Typically late once >90% of gland has been destroyed
Which antibody may be present in Addison’s
21 alpha hydroxylase autoantibody
Why is fludrocortisone not part of the treatmenr regimen for secondary adrenal insufficiency
Because the adrenal gland works fine and aldosterone will be regulated properly by the RAAS so no need for replacement
Which special scan can be used with a CT scan to diagnose a phaeochromocytoma
MIBG scan
Why are alpha blockers given before beta blockers for a phaeochromocytoma
Because unopposed alpha mediated vasoconstriction can lead to a hypertensive crisis
When is Lugol’s iodine used
As part of the treatment of thyroid storm
Absence of thyroxine after 3 months of age can lead to what 2 things
Permanent developmental delay
Cretinism
A decreased and increased radioactive iodine uptake are associated with what pathologies
Increased uptake - Grave’s or Nodular goitre
Decreased uptake - Adenoma or Carcinoma
What cancer presents with psammoma bodies and what kind of nuclei will its cells have
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Orphan annie nuclei
Which thyroid cancer cannot be differentiated as malignant or benign on USS-FNA
Follicular
The autosomal dominant form of pseudohypoparathyroidism is associated with what 2 “short” appearances
Short stature
Short 4th and 5th digits
What ECG change could hypocalcaemia cause
Prolonged QT interval
What should you suspect in a patient who’s calcium remains low despite Vit D3 supplements
Magnesium deficiency
How is magnesium deficiency related to hypocalcaemia
Calcium release from cells is dependent on magnesium
