[C] 1.67 Main forms of developmental anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of the developmental anomalies

A
  • Blocking of development (defect)
  • Facilitated development
  • Heterotopia
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2
Q

Groups of the developmental anomalies:

  • Blocking of the development
A
  • Agenesia
  • Hypoplasia
  • Oligodactylia; oligodontia
  • Schisis
  • Atresia
  • Stenosis
  • Nanosomia
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3
Q

Agenesia

A
  • Failure of all parts of an organ to develop during embryonic development
  • Many forms of agenesis are lethal such as absence entirely of the brain
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4
Q

Hypoplasia

A
  • Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ
  • Similar to aplasia but less severe
  • Radial hypoplasia in cats
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5
Q

Oligo-

A

Deficiency of different organs

E.g oligodactylia (deficiency of digits)

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6
Q

Schisis

A

Splitting of the different organs or tissues

E.g Abdominschisis or cleft palate

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7
Q

Atresia

A
  • Body orifice that is abnormally closed/absent
  • Imperforate anus
    • ​Defect where the rectum is malformed and closed
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8
Q

Stenosis

A

“Stricture”

  • Abnormal narrowing in tubular organ or structure
  • “Coarctation” used to describe the aorta
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9
Q

Nanosomia

A

Dwarfism

  • A person of short stature
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10
Q

Facilitated development: Types

A
  • Duplicitas
  • Hypersomia
  • Heterotopia
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11
Q

Facilitated development: Duplicitas

A

Polydactyly / polydactylism

  • Congenital physical anomaly having an increased number of fingers/ toes
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12
Q

Facilitated development: Hypersomia

A

Gigantism

  • Being of abnormally large size
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13
Q

Facilitated development: Heterotopia

A
  • Normal tissue that is present at an abnormal site

or

  • Displacement of an organ/part of an organ from its normal position
  • E.g Grey matter heterotopia - Displacement of grey matter into the cerebral white matter*
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14
Q

Monsters

A
  • Foetuses with marked morphologic anomalies during intrauterine development
  • Either die in utero or shortly after birth
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15
Q

Monstra simplicia (Solitary monster)

A
  • Partial/complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral & coccygeal vertebrae
  • Spinal cord & ankylosis of the hindlimbs
  • Malformation of the musculature
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16
Q

Cyclopia

A
  • Characterised by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon
  • Face is either missing or replaced with a non-functioning nose in the form of a proboscis
17
Q

Rhinencephaly/Rhinocephaly

A
  • Proboscis appears above the central eye
  • The characteristic form of cyclopia
  • One optic lobe, only optic nerve, one olfactory lobe
18
Q

Cyclopia can be caused by…

A

Cyclopamine

  • Found in the plant Vertrum californicum
19
Q

Monstra duplicia (Duplex monsters)

A
  • When zygote doesn’t split properly
  • Fetus has some body parts once and others twice
20
Q

Dulicitas completa

A

Double complete monsters

21
Q

Dulicitas incompleta

A

Double incomplete monsters

22
Q

Craniophagus

A

Double complete monsters joined at the head

23
Q

Xiphpagus

A

Double complete monsters joined at the xyphoid region

24
Q

Thoracopagus

A

Double complete monsters joined at the thorax

25
Q

Pyopagus

A

Double complete monsters joined at the sacral region

26
Q

Duplicitas symmetros anterior incompleta

A

One body with two heads

27
Q

Duplicitas asymmetros

A

Assymetrical double monsters

  • Size not identical
  • “Autosita”* = “Host” (Larger)
  • “Parasita”* = “Parasite” (Smaller)
28
Q
A