71. Concretions (lithiasis) and pseudoconcretions

Question 1

Lithiasis

Answer 1

Formation of stones from secretions of certain organs

mainly urinary tract , can be also intestine,dental plaque

Question 2

Lithiasis

Predisposing factors

Answer 2

Increased lithogenous material (crystalloids)
* Metabolic disorders, nutritional factors

Inflammation of hollow organs
* pH changes, enzymatic destruction, epithelial desquamation.

Stasis of excretions

Question 3

Types of Lithogenous Material

Answer 3

Calcium carbonate → Limestone contamination in feed.

Phosphate calculi → High forage/bran diet.

Oxalate stones → Excess fodder beet.

Cystine/Xanthine stones→ Urinary metabolic disorders

Question 4

Pseudoconcretions

Answer 4

Resembles true concretions but differ in origin or composition

Question 5

Pseudoconcretions

Formation Mechanisms

Answer 5

Inspissation of content → Thickening/drying of bodily fluids → Solid mass formation.

Inspissated eggs → Eggs stuck in oviduct → Abnormal decomposition → Fibrin accumulation → Inflammation → Oviduct wall reconstruction.

Foreign material impaction → Tightly packed foreign bodies causing obstruction.

Question 6

Pseudoconcretions

Impaction of foreign materials

Answer 6

Zootrichobezoars → Knotted animal hair.

Phytotrichobezoars→ Plant fibers.

Conglobates→ Undigested food and foreign bodies.

Question 7

Pseudoconcretions

Consequences

Answer 7

Small concretions: May pass through, dissolve, or break into smaller pieces.

Some stay in the organ and causes:
* Local irritation
* Pressure → Atrophy, necrosis, ulceration
* Narrowing lumen of organ → Painful spasms, ileus
* Disorders of the passage → Obstruction, tympany