57. Objective, task and investigation methods of pathology + internal condition of disease

Question 1

The study of pathology is defined as…

Answer 1

Functional and morphological changes in the body during disease

Question 2

Latin etymology of “Pathology”

Answer 2

pathologia - pathos logos

Question 3

Sciences consisting withing the field of pathology

Answer 3

Science of:

• Disease (nosologia)
• Defects (defectus)
• Malformations (vitium)

Question 4

Diagnostic pathology

Answer 4

An autopsy

• Cause of death - Group or individual
• Used to explain decreased production

Question 5

Forensic pathology

Answer 5

Autopsy

• Determines cause of death from a legal perspective

Question 6

Surgical pathology

Answer 6

Histological examination of surgically excised tissue

• Facilitates diagnosis and prognosis for a living animal
• Can be used as the basis of therapy

Question 7

Experimental pathology

Answer 7

Investigation technique

• Correlates morphologic changes with clinical, functional and biochemical parameters
• Elucidates the mechanisms of disease

Question 8

Comparative pathology

Answer 8

Compares human and animal pathologies

Question 9

List the methods to recognise/investigate disease

Answer 9

1. Autopsy
2. Histopathology
3. Immunohistochemistry
4. EM investigations
5. Toxicological, parasitological, bacteriological, virological investigations
6. Molecular biological investigations

Question 10

Autopsy

Answer 10

sectio cadaveris

• Dissection of the carcass
• Use of sensory organs (vision, smell, palpation, hearing)
• Collect visible changes
• Photodocumentation

Question 11

Pathognomic changes

Answer 11

Changes in the body which may be/lead to the cause of death

E.g heart infarction, pyonephrosis, gastric torsion

Question 12

Histopathology

Answer 12

Investigation using a light microscope with (FFPE) tissues

• Hematoxylin and eosin staining
• Special staining methods

Question 13

Immunohistochemistry techniques

Answer 13

• In situ hybridisation
• Immunofluorescence
• Immunoperoxidase

Question 14

Molecular biological investigation techniques

Answer 14

• PCR
• Sequence determination
• Next generation sequences

Question 15

Individual and herd diagnosis purpose

Answer 15

Infections, parasitoses, toxicoses

• Epidemic prevention
• Mass infections

Question 16

Define pathogenesis

Answer 16

How the disease procedes

Question 17

Examples of comparative pathology

Answer 17

Zoonotic incidences

• Tuberculosis
• Anthrax
• Foot and mouth
• Erysipelas

Question 18

Define general pathology

Answer 18

Study of the reaction of cells or tissues to injury, focusing on:

• Circulatory disturbances
• Regressive changes
• Proliferative changes
• Inflammation
• Tumour
• Developmental anomalies

Question 19

Define special/systemic pathology

Answer 19

Characteristic changes caused by well defined diseases, grouped according to organ systems

Question 20

Internal Conditions of Disease in Animals

Answer 20

refer to the intrinsic factors influencing disease development and progression in animals, including:

Question 21

Examples of Internal Conditions of Disease in Animals

Answer 21

Genetic Factors: Breed-specific predispositions, such as hip dysplasia in dogs or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats.

Immune System Status: Immunodeficiencies or hyperactive immune responses, leading to susceptibility to infections or autoimmune diseases.

Metabolic Disorders: Conditions like ketosis in ruminants or diabetes in dogs and cats.

Hormonal Imbalances: Disorders such as hypothyroidism in dogs or hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease).

Age-Related Changes: Degenerative diseases common in older animals, such as arthritis or organ fibrosis.

Species-Specific Conditions: Diseases unique to certain species, like Myxomatosis in rabbits or Marek’s disease in poultry.