[C] 1.56 Inflammation in organs without blood vessels. The inflammation-organism relationship Flashcards
Give the organs without blood vessels
- Heart valves
- Cartilage
- Cornea
Summarise inflammation in organs without blood vessels
- No real circulatory response
- Only regressive changes
- Reflex action of the surrouding tissue
Inflammation of the cornea
- From the neighbouring conjunctiva
- Circulatory response
- Plasma flows into tissue space
- Exudative & infiltrative processes
- Neutrophils migrate to cornea
- Circulatory response
Persistent stimulus of the cornea leads to…
Vascularisation → Opacity of the cornea → Pannus
Pannus
Progressive change
- Blood vessels and scar tissue invade the cornea
- Normally: Cornea is Avascular
- Chronic inflammation/hypoxia → Corneal vascularisation
Chronic superficial keratitis (Pannus) is seen most commonly in…
German Shepards
Inflammation of cartilage: Types
- Chondritis
- Monochodritis
- Polychondritis
- Feline auricular chondritis
Felin auricular chondritis
Pinna:
- Marked multifocal, chronic lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic chondritis
- Dermatitis with degeneration splitting
- Necrosis of auricular cartilage
Auricular chondritis is seen in which species
- Rats & mice
- Cats & dogs
- Horse
- (Cattle)
Why is auricular chondritis classed as ‘Immune-mediated’?
- Similarities to rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus
- Favourable response to immunomodulatory therapy
Auricular chondritis: Clinical signs
- Pain
- Swelling
- Erythema
- Deformation of the pinnae
Auricular chondritis: Histological lesions
- Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates
- Loss/necrosis of cartilage
Inflammation of valves: Overview
- Neutrophil migration is missing
- Proliferative processes
- Vascularisation from the neighbouring tissues
- Blood vessels from heart muscle
Endocarditis
- Mostly bacterial
- Valvular - Parietal endocarditis
- Acute / chronic
- Mitral > Aortic > Tricuspid > Pulmonary
Endocarditis: Bacterial causes
- E. rhusiopathiae
- Streptococci
- Staphylococci
- Klebsiella
- Trueperella pyogenes
Consequences of endocarditis
- Acute/chronic cardiac failure
- Septic thromboembolism
The inflammation-organism relationship
- Beneficial/harmful effects of inflammation
- The outcome of the acute inflammation
- 4 pillars of inflammation
“Inflammation is not an independent, isolated process”
- Develops in circumscribed parts of the body
- In an organ/part of organ
- In regional lymph nodes
- Distant effect in the body
- Fever, lack of appetite, depression
Clinical signs of inflammation
In regional lymph nodes always similar lesions to the primary process
- Circulatory disturbance
- Excudation (serum leakage)
- Infiltration (Detached granulocytes, lymphocytes)
- Proliferative process (proliferation of reticular cells)
- Alterative process (necrosis)
Pathological effect of inflammation on: CNS
Coordination affected
Pathological effect of inflammation on: Endocrine system
Mineralocorticoids & Gluclocorticoids affected
Pathological effect of inflammation on: Immunological state
Allergic reaction
General conditions and inflammation: Hormonal factors
Inhibitory/stimulatory
- Adenohypophysis: ACTH
- Cortex of adrenal gland: Glucocorticoids - PLA2 inhibitors
- Adenohypophysis: GH - Increases cell proliferation
- Cortex of adrenal gland: Mineralocorticoids
PLA2 inhibitors decrease…
- Cell permeability
- Exudation
- Fibroblast proliferation
- Tissue antigen-antibody reaction
- Migration of granulocytes
Effects of the antigens
- Normergia
- Hyperergia
Normergia
The organism did not meet the antigen yet
Hyperergia
The organism has already met the antigen
- Sudden severe inflammatory reaction
- Severe hyperaemia, exudation, fibrinoid degeneration
- Eosinophil cellular infiltration, proliferative processes
- Immunity (antibodies)
