Bladder Flashcards
ventral cloaca becomes
urogenital sinus
urogenital sinus becomes
bladder ,prostate, urethra and lower vagina
allantois connects cloaca to
umbilical cord
bladder is a _____ organ in children and infants
abdominal (becomes pelvic at puberty
bladder lined with
mucous membrane which contains folds or rugae
3 layers of the bladder
Connective tissue submucosa (inner)
A muscle layer
Fibrous adventia (outer)
wall thickeness of empty and distended bladders
empty <5mm
distended <3mm
why do we want the bladder distended for US
to evaluate walls
ureters are
Continuation of the renal pelvis that extend to the posterior bladder wall (trigone
diameter of ureters
<5mm
are ureters normally seen
not if they’re a normal size
three constricted areas of ureters
- At the Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
- As they cross the iliac vessels
- At the junction with the bladder (UVJ)
shape of prostate in boys
ellipsoid
prostate U?S appearance
hypo echoic and more homogenous than adults
what plane is the seminal vesicles best seen
Transverse (seagull appearance)
Urachus is a tubular structure continuous with
with anterior dome of the bladder and extends to the umbilicus.
if the the urachus is not obliterated
it remains as a for and we see it as tracheal abnormalities
4 types of urachal abnormalities
Patent Urachus (completely open lumen)
Urachal sinus (opening to the umbilicus)
Urachal diverticulum (open to the bladder)
Urachal cyst (obliterated at both ends)
clinical presentations of urachal abnormalities (2)
umbilicus discharge
infected urachal cysts
sono features of urachal abnormalities
A cystic mass, often with internal echoes or septations caused by infection
Diverticulum like structure from bladder dome
common UTI in children
cystitis
cystitis more common in what gender
10x more in girls
clinical presentation of cystitis
urinary frequency
Incontinence
Dysuria
Hematuria
most common type of cystitis
bacterial
hemorrhagic cystitis is secondary to
secondary to viral infection, chemotherapy or indwelling catheters
cystitis cystica may mimic
tumors (rounded iso or hypoechioc polypoid lesions)
cystitis sono appearance
Bladder may appear normal with mild cystitis
Diffuse or focal bladder wall thickening and irregularity
More than 3mm
More than 5mm (empty bladder)
Echogenic material in bladder-blood or purulent material
Bladder stones are very rare
most common tumor of the lower urinary tract in children
rhabdomyosarcoma
most common sites for rhabdomyosarcoma are
trigone of the bladder
prostate
Can arise from seminal vesicles, spermatic cord, uterus, vulva, vagina and pelvic musculature
clinical presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma
Acute urinary retention
Dysuria
Hematuria
sono features rhabdo sarcoma
Homogenous polypoidal solid mass
Masses arising from the prostate can have projections into the bladder
Regional lymph node involvement is common
why does trauma occur more to the bladder in children
because of the more intra abdominal position than in adults
