Bladder Flashcards

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1
Q

ventral cloaca becomes

A

urogenital sinus

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2
Q

urogenital sinus becomes

A

bladder ,prostate, urethra and lower vagina

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3
Q

allantois connects cloaca to

A

umbilical cord

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4
Q

bladder is a _____ organ in children and infants

A

abdominal (becomes pelvic at puberty

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5
Q

bladder lined with

A

mucous membrane which contains folds or rugae

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6
Q

3 layers of the bladder

A

Connective tissue submucosa (inner)
A muscle layer
Fibrous adventia (outer)

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7
Q

wall thickeness of empty and distended bladders

A

empty <5mm

distended <3mm

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8
Q

why do we want the bladder distended for US

A

to evaluate walls

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9
Q

ureters are

A

Continuation of the renal pelvis that extend to the posterior bladder wall (trigone

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10
Q

diameter of ureters

A

<5mm

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11
Q

are ureters normally seen

A

not if they’re a normal size

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12
Q

three constricted areas of ureters

A
  1. At the Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
  2. As they cross the iliac vessels
  3. At the junction with the bladder (UVJ)
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13
Q

shape of prostate in boys

A

ellipsoid

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14
Q

prostate U?S appearance

A

hypo echoic and more homogenous than adults

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15
Q

what plane is the seminal vesicles best seen

A

Transverse (seagull appearance)

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16
Q

Urachus is a tubular structure continuous with

A

with anterior dome of the bladder and extends to the umbilicus.

17
Q

if the the urachus is not obliterated

A

it remains as a for and we see it as tracheal abnormalities

18
Q

4 types of urachal abnormalities

A

Patent Urachus (completely open lumen)

Urachal sinus (opening to the umbilicus)

Urachal diverticulum (open to the bladder)

Urachal cyst (obliterated at both ends)

19
Q

clinical presentations of urachal abnormalities (2)

A

umbilicus discharge

infected urachal cysts

20
Q

sono features of urachal abnormalities

A

A cystic mass, often with internal echoes or septations caused by infection
Diverticulum like structure from bladder dome

21
Q

common UTI in children

A

cystitis

22
Q

cystitis more common in what gender

A

10x more in girls

23
Q

clinical presentation of cystitis

A

urinary frequency
Incontinence
Dysuria
Hematuria

24
Q

most common type of cystitis

A

bacterial

25
Q

hemorrhagic cystitis is secondary to

A

secondary to viral infection, chemotherapy or indwelling catheters

26
Q

cystitis cystica may mimic

A

tumors (rounded iso or hypoechioc polypoid lesions)

27
Q

cystitis sono appearance

A

Bladder may appear normal with mild cystitis
Diffuse or focal bladder wall thickening and irregularity
More than 3mm
More than 5mm (empty bladder)
Echogenic material in bladder-blood or purulent material
Bladder stones are very rare

28
Q

most common tumor of the lower urinary tract in children

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

29
Q

most common sites for rhabdomyosarcoma are

A

trigone of the bladder
prostate
Can arise from seminal vesicles, spermatic cord, uterus, vulva, vagina and pelvic musculature

30
Q

clinical presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Acute urinary retention
Dysuria
Hematuria

31
Q

sono features rhabdo sarcoma

A

Homogenous polypoidal solid mass
Masses arising from the prostate can have projections into the bladder
Regional lymph node involvement is common

32
Q

why does trauma occur more to the bladder in children

A

because of the more intra abdominal position than in adults