Bladder

Question 1

ventral cloaca becomes

Answer 1

urogenital sinus

Question 2

urogenital sinus becomes

Answer 2

bladder ,prostate, urethra and lower vagina

Question 3

allantois connects cloaca to

Answer 3

umbilical cord

Question 4

bladder is a _____ organ in children and infants

Answer 4

abdominal (becomes pelvic at puberty

Question 5

bladder lined with

Answer 5

mucous membrane which contains folds or rugae

Question 6

3 layers of the bladder

Answer 6

Connective tissue submucosa (inner)
A muscle layer
Fibrous adventia (outer)

Question 7

wall thickeness of empty and distended bladders

Answer 7

empty <5mm

distended <3mm

Question 8

why do we want the bladder distended for US

Answer 8

to evaluate walls

Question 9

ureters are

Answer 9

Continuation of the renal pelvis that extend to the posterior bladder wall (trigone

Question 10

diameter of ureters

Answer 10

<5mm

Question 11

are ureters normally seen

Answer 11

not if they’re a normal size

Question 12

three constricted areas of ureters

Answer 12

1. At the Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
2. As they cross the iliac vessels
3. At the junction with the bladder (UVJ)

Question 13

shape of prostate in boys

Answer 13

ellipsoid

Question 14

prostate U?S appearance

Answer 14

hypo echoic and more homogenous than adults

Question 15

what plane is the seminal vesicles best seen

Answer 15

Transverse (seagull appearance)

Question 16

Urachus is a tubular structure continuous with

Answer 16

with anterior dome of the bladder and extends to the umbilicus.

Question 17

if the the urachus is not obliterated

Answer 17

it remains as a for and we see it as tracheal abnormalities

Question 18

4 types of urachal abnormalities

Answer 18

Patent Urachus (completely open lumen)

Urachal sinus (opening to the umbilicus)

Urachal diverticulum (open to the bladder)

Urachal cyst (obliterated at both ends)

Question 19

clinical presentations of urachal abnormalities (2)

Answer 19

umbilicus discharge

infected urachal cysts

Question 20

sono features of urachal abnormalities

Answer 20

A cystic mass, often with internal echoes or septations caused by infection
Diverticulum like structure from bladder dome

Question 21

common UTI in children

Answer 21

cystitis

Question 22

cystitis more common in what gender

Answer 22

10x more in girls

Question 23

clinical presentation of cystitis

Answer 23

urinary frequency
Incontinence
Dysuria
Hematuria

Question 24

most common type of cystitis

Answer 24

bacterial

Question 25

hemorrhagic cystitis is secondary to

Answer 25

secondary to viral infection, chemotherapy or indwelling catheters

Question 26

cystitis cystica may mimic

Answer 26

tumors (rounded iso or hypoechioc polypoid lesions)

Question 27

cystitis sono appearance

Answer 27

Bladder may appear normal with mild cystitis
Diffuse or focal bladder wall thickening and irregularity
More than 3mm
More than 5mm (empty bladder)
Echogenic material in bladder-blood or purulent material
Bladder stones are very rare

Question 28

most common tumor of the lower urinary tract in children

Answer 28

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 29

most common sites for rhabdomyosarcoma are

Answer 29

trigone of the bladder
prostate
Can arise from seminal vesicles, spermatic cord, uterus, vulva, vagina and pelvic musculature

Question 30

clinical presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 30

Acute urinary retention
Dysuria
Hematuria

Question 31

sono features rhabdo sarcoma

Answer 31

Homogenous polypoidal solid mass
Masses arising from the prostate can have projections into the bladder
Regional lymph node involvement is common

Question 32

why does trauma occur more to the bladder in children

Answer 32

because of the more intra abdominal position than in adults