Abdomen

Question 1

main importance of embryology

Answer 1

Many abnormalities are interrelated with other systems.

Basic understanding of embryology will help to perform complete examination of relevant systems

Question 2

what is organogenesis

Answer 2

Cephalocaudal and lateral foldings lead to formation of primitive/primordial gut from endoderm

Question 3

The Foregut makes

Answer 3

Pharynx, oral cavity, upper/lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, bile ducts and pancreas

Question 4

During the duodenal development the lumen becomes ______ and _________

Answer 4

obliterated and recanalizes

Question 5

if duodenal development fails then what happens

Answer 5

duodenal atresia or stenosis (entry of the CBD)

Question 6

duodenal atresia or stenosis will present as

Answer 6

Infants bile stained vomiting

Question 7

the midgut forms

Answer 7

Forms the part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix and part of transverse colon

Question 8

physiological herniation of the midgut is weeks

Answer 8

9-11

Question 9

what happens during physiological herniation

Answer 9

Midgut forms a loop and elongates into the umbilicus because of lack of space and does an anticlockwise rotation before returning to the abdomen

Question 10

physiological herniation must be done by

Answer 10

week 12

Question 11

last structures to return in physiological herniation

Answer 11

cecum and appendix

Question 12

the hindgut forms

Answer 12

the left third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum and upper part of the anal canal

Question 13

Rectum is separated from urogenital organs by a

Answer 13

septum

Question 14

If there is abnormal separation during hind-gut formation, fistulas to the _____, ______ and _____ occur.

Answer 14

urethra, bladder and vagina

Question 15

Endodermal outgrowth or hepatic diverticulum forms

during what weeks

Answer 15

week 4-6

Question 16

Caudal portion of hepatic diverticulum differentiates

Answer 16

into cystic duct and GB

Question 17

In the cephalic portion of the hepatic diverticulum 2 buds begin forming the right and left hepatic lobes, what happens past this

Answer 17

The buds grow into columns that branch and form networks. These eventually become the liver sinusoids.
The columns of endodermal cells and the liver parenchyma grow into the surrounding mesoderm
The mesoderm provides tissue for the portal tracts and the Glisson capsule

Question 18

when does the change in sizes of the hepatic lobes occur

Answer 18

By end of the 6th week the right lobe becomes larger, left lobe undergoes some degeneration

Question 19

Oxygenated blood/nutrients are delivered via ____ which has ___ branches

Answer 19

umbilical vein

2 branches

Question 20

Ligamentum venosum and teres

can become recanalized as

Answer 20

collaterals in portal hypertension.

Question 21

the spleen develops from

Answer 21

mesenchymal (mesoderm) cells

Question 22

the early mesodermal cells of the spleen differentiate to from (3)

Answer 22

splenic pulp, supportive connective tissue and capsule pulp

Question 23

white pulp of the spleen consist of

Answer 23

lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes and macrophages)

Question 24

red pulp of the spleen consist of

Answer 24

the vascular sinuses that are capable of storing more than 300mL of blood.