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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Biology 8: The Immune System > Flashcards

Biology 8: The Immune System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

innate immunity

A

composed of defenses always active against infection

lack ability to target specific invaders over others - nonspecific

includes…

  • skin, respiratory, GI tract
  • monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells, mast cells, dendritic cells
  • complements, interferons
    *
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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

defenses that target a specific pathogen - specific immunity

slower system, maintains memory for faster later

includes. ..
* B-cells and T-cells

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3
Q

location of blood storage and activation of B-cells

A

spleen

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4
Q

B-cells

A

leukocyte made in the bone marrow

naive cells leave and enter the spleen until activation

once activated turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies

plays a major role in humoral immunity (in the blood)

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5
Q

small gland in front of pericardium

maturation site of T-cells

A

thymus

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6
Q

T-cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and migrate to thymus to mature

coordinate the immune system, directly kill virally infected cells

important in cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

lymph nodes

A

parts of the lymphatic system that filter lymph

a site where immune responses can be mounted

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8
Q

skin (integument)

A

first defense; acts as a physical barrier

secretes antimicrobial compounds like defensins (antibacterial enzymes) and sweat

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9
Q

complement system

A

consists of proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria

can be activated through a classical pathway (with antibodies) or an alternate pathway (no antibodies)

punches holes in the cell walls of bacteria

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10
Q

Langerhans cell

A

resident populations of macrophages in the skin

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11
Q

microglia

A

resident populations of macrophages in the CNS

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12
Q

osteoclasts

A

resident populations of macrophages in bone

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13
Q

macrophage

A

cell involved in nonspecific immunity that…

  1. Phagocytizes invader through endocytosis
  2. digests invader using enzymes
  3. presents pieces (peptides) of the invader to other cells using MHC

also secrete cytokines

are not lymphocytes - but are leukocytes

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14
Q

major histocompatibility complex

A

molecules that bind to pathogenic peptide (antigen) and carries to macrophage cell surface to be recognized by other cells in adaptive system

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15
Q

MHC class I

A

present in all nucleated cells

displays endogenous antigen (proteins from inside the cell) - endogenous pathway

allows immune system to monitor the health of the cell

binds to cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ cells)

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16
Q

MHC class II

A

present in all professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

displays exogenous antigens (proteins from outside) - exogenous pathway

binds to helper T-cells (CD4+ cells)

17
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

receptors that recognize the category of the invader and allows for the appropriate cytokines to recruit the correct response

18
Q

natural killer cells

A

nonspecific lymphocyte

able to detect the downregulation of MHC accomplished by viruses or cancer

induce apoptosis

19
Q

neutrophils

A

the most populous leukocyte in blood, short-lived

phagocytic granulocytes that target bacteria using chemotaxis secreted or through opsonization

dead collections = pus

20
Q

eosinophils

A

granulocyte involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

release histamine to mediate inflammation -> vasodilation to allow immune cells to leave blood into tissue

21
Q

basophils

A

granulocytes involved in allergic responses

least populous leukocyte

22
Q

mast cell

A

cell similar to basophils but with smaller granules

exist in tissues, mucosa, epithelium, skin - not in lymph

23
Q

opsonization

A

the binding of a specific antigen to an antibody, which attracts other leukocytes to phagocytize the antigen immediately

24
Q

things that happen when an antibody binds to an antigen in body fluids

A
  1. opsonization
  2. agglutination
  3. neutralization (blocking ability to invade tissues)
25
Q

primary response

A

initial activation of a B-cell upon exposure to the correct antigen

B-cell responds by proliferating and producing plasma cells and memory B cells

26
Q

secondary response

A

occurs when a microbe activates a B cell for the second time

memory cells act to produce antibodies specific to the pathogen

more rapid and robust

27
Q

positive selection

A

maturation pattern of T-cells in the thymus that involves only selecting for cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC

28
Q

negative selection

A

maturation pattern in the thymus that involves causing apoptosis in cells that are activated by proteins produced by the organism itself (self-reactive)

29
Q

thymosin

A

peptide hormone secreted by the thymic cells

facilitates the maturation of T-cells

30
Q

types of T-cells

A

helper T-cells - CD4+

suppressor T-cells - regulatory T-cells - CD4+ and Foxp3+

cytotoxic T-cells - CD8+

31
Q

helper T cells

A

CD4+

secrete lymphokines that recruit other cells

respond to MHCII - exogenous antigens - bacterial, fungal, parasitic infections

32
Q

cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8+

directly kill virally infected cells by injecting chemicals that promote apoptosis

respond to MHCI - endogenous antigens - viral, intracellular bacterial, intracellular fungal

33
Q

suppressor T-cells

A

CD4+ Foxp3+

help tone down the immune response once infection has been contained

turn off self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmune disease - self-tolerance

34
Q

interferons

A

proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion

cause nearby cells to decrease production of both viral and cellular proteins

decrease the cell permeability

upregulate MHC I and II molecule production for better detection

35
Q

lacteals

A

small lymphatic vessels in center of each villus in the small intestine

fats are packaged into chylomicrons, enter here for transport to circulatory system

36
Q

clonal selection

A

adaptive immune system encounters an antigen, and cells with receptors specific to that antigen are activated and proliferated

Bad Girl's MCAT Club (39 decks)

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