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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Biology 3: Embryogenesis Development > Flashcards

Biology 3: Embryogenesis Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Ampulla

A

widest part of the fallopian tube

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2
Q

Cortical reaction

A

a release of calcium ions

these calcium ions depolarize the membrane of the ovum

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3
Q

Two purposes of the calcium ions depolarizing the membrane:

A

prevents the fertilization of the ovum by multiple cells

increased calcium concentration increases the metabolic rate of the new zygote

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4
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

results in cells that when isolated can still develop into complete organisms

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5
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

results in cells with fates that are already determined

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6
Q

Morula

A

solid mass of cells

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7
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled inner cavity - (blastocoel)

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8
Q

Trophoblast cells

A

surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta

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9
Q

Chorion

A

extra-embryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

interface between maternal blood and the embryo

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10
Q

Chorionic villi

A

microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium

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11
Q

Yolk Sac

A

site of early blood cell development before the development of placenta

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12
Q

Allantois

A

involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac

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13
Q

Amnion

A

thin, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid

acts as a shock absorber

outer membrane is formed by the chorion

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14
Q

Induction

A

ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells

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15
Q

Neural crest cells

A

migrate outward to form the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Teratogens

A

substances that interfere with development, causing defects or even death of the developing embryo

genetics of an individual embryo interferes with the formation of these

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17
Q

Determination

A

irreversible commitment of a cell to having a particular function in the future

can occur through unbalanced distribution of mRNAs and protein in mitosis

can occur through secretion of morphogens from nearby cells

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18
Q

Morphogens

A

chemicals that cause nearby cells to follow a particular developmental pathway

19
Q

Totipotent

A

include embryonic stem cells

can ultimately differentiate into any cell types, either in the fetus or placental structures

present in the blastula

20
Q

Pluripotent

A

can differentiate into any cell type in fetal structures

cannot differentiate into cell types in placental structures

brought about by gastrulation

21
Q

Multipotent

A

can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group

ex. hematopoietic stem cells

22
Q

Juxtacrine

A

a cell communicating by directly stimulating receptors of the adjacent cell

23
Q

Growth factors

A

peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis

24
Q

Senescence

A

biological aging as a result of disrupted metabolism, accumulated changes in molecular and cellular structure

25
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin

26
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus to the placenta

27
Q

Umbilical vein

A

carries oxygenated blood toward the fetus from the placenta

28
Q

Foramen ovale

A

one-way valve that connects the fetal right atrium to the left atrium

avoids the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation

the right side of the fetal heart has higher pressure, so it is able to push blood left, but this disparity normalizes after birth

29
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

30
Q

Three phases of birthing:

A
  1. cervix thins out and the amniotic sac ruptures (water breaks)
  2. strong uterine contractions that result in the birth of a fetus (birth)
  3. placenta and umbilical cord are expelled (after birth)
31
Q

What comprises the umbilical cord?

A

allantois and yolk sac

32
Q

gastrula

A

hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells

33
Q

what is the difference between deuterostomes and protostomes

A

deuterostomes - blastopore becomes the organism’s future anus

protostomes - blastopore becomes the organism’s future mouth

34
Q

what does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

epidermis and nervous tissue

35
Q

what does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

musculoskeletal, circulatory, gonads, digestive, respiratory systems

36
Q

what does the endoderm go on to form?

A

internal linings of digestive and respiratory

37
Q

inducers

A

chemical substances secreted from organizing cells to responsive cells to influence induction

ex. growth factors, morphogens

38
Q

what layer of the gastrula is the adrenal cortex formed from?

A

mesoderm

39
Q

what layer of the gastrula is the adrenal medulla formed from?

A

ectoderm (it’s nervous tissue)

40
Q

what is the difference between specification, determination, and differentiation?

A

specification - reversible designation of a cell to a specific cell type

determination - irreversible designation of a cell

differentiation - change in cell structure, function, biochemistry to match cell type

41
Q

placenta

A

organ that develops from uterus during pregnancy

allows nutrient, gas, waste exchange through diffusion

provides immune protection and has endocrine function

makes progesterone, estrogen, hCG

42
Q

Which substances can cross the placenta?

A

TOxoplasma gondii

Rubella

Cytomegalovirus

HErpes

Syphilis

TORCHES cross placenta

43
Q

what are the three shunts to direct blood away from the fetal liver and lungs for development?

A

foramen ovale

ductus arteriosus

ductus venous

44
Q

Ductus venosus

A

shunt that transports blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

bypasses the liver, which gets a small amount of blood from the hepatic arteries

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