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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Languge > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Languge Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

cognition

A

how brains process and react to info presented to us by the world

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2
Q

Paivio’s dual-coding theory

A

both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store info

“dad” vs. a pic of dad

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3
Q

information processing model

A
  • thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli
  • stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (not responded to automatically) to be useful in decision making
  • decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems (situational modification)
  • problem solving is dependent not only on the person’s cognitive level, but also on context and complexity of problem
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4
Q

cognitive development

A

the development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan

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5
Q

schema

A

a pattern of thought/behavior that organizes categories of info and the relationships among them

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6
Q

assimilation

A

the process of classifying new info into existing schema

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7
Q

accommodation

A

existing schema are modified to meet physical needs

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8
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

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9
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

lasts from birth - 2 years

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions

ended by object permanence, marking the beginning of representational thought

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10
Q

primary circular reaction

A

repetition of body movement that originally occurred by chance that is repeated because the child finds it soothing

ex. sucking thumb

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11
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

repetitive manipulation of something outside of the body that occurs because the child gets a response from the environment

ex. throwing toys

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12
Q

preoperational stage

A

lasts from 2 - 7 years of age

focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

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13
Q

symbolic thinking

A

the ability to pretend, make-belive, and have an imagination

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14
Q

egocentrism

A

the inability to imagine what others feel

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15
Q

centration

A

the tendency to focus only on one aspect of a phenomenon

inability to understand conservation

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16
Q

concrete operational stage

A

lasts from 7 to 11 years of age

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

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17
Q

formal operational stage

A

begins at age 11

focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

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18
Q

fluid intelligence

A

intelligence that includes problem solving skills

peaks early in adulthood

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19
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

intelligence that uses learned skills and knowledge

peaks in middle adulthood

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20
Q

delirium

A

the rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that’s reversible and caused by medical causes

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21
Q

problem solving

A

requires

  • identification and understanding of problem
  • generation of potential solutions
  • testing of potential solutions
  • evaluation of results
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22
Q

mental set

A

a pattern of approaches for a given problem

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23
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally used, which may create barrier to problem solving

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24
Q

types of problem solving

A

trial and error

algorithms

deductive reasoning (conclusions from general rules)

inductive reasoning (generalizations from evidence)

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25
Q

heuristics

A

simplified principles used to make decisions

“rules of thumb”

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26
Q

biases

A

exists when a decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate info

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27
Q

intuition

A

the ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence

often developed by experience

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28
Q

theory of multiple intelligences

A

7 types:

linguistic

logical-mathematical

musical

visual-spatial

bodily-kinesthetic

interpersonal

intrapersonal

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29
Q

intelligence quotient

A

(mental age/chronological age) x 100

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30
Q

consciousness

A

one’s level of awareness of the world and one’s own existence within that world

includes alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered states of consciousness

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31
Q

alertness

A

the state of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, access info and express it

beta and alpha waves predominate on EEG

higher cortisol levels

prefrontal cortex activity with reticular formation

32
Q

sleep stage 1

A

dozing off

theta waves with irregular waveforms, slow frequencies, higher voltage

33
Q

sleep stage 2

A

deeper sleep

theta waves still present along with sleep spindles and K complexes

34
Q

sleep stages 3 and 4

A

slow wave sleep (SWS)

Delta waves of EEG

where most sleep disorders occur

hard to wake someone at this stage

cognitive recovery, declarative memory consolidation, increased growth hormone release

35
Q

REM sleep

A

paradoxical sleep since EEG is similar to a person that is awake

eye movements and body paralysis

dreaming most likely to occur here, procedural memory consolidation

36
Q

sleep cycle

A

length changes throughout life from 50 min to about 90 minutes for adults

children spend more time in SWS than adults

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM

REM occurs more frequently towards the morning

37
Q

problem-solving dream theory

A

dreams help solve problems while you are sleeping, allowing the interpretation of obstacles

38
Q

cognitive process dream theory

A

dreams are the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness

39
Q

neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

tries to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating subjective, cognitive experiences with measurable physiological change

40
Q

dysomnias

A

sleep disorders that make it hard to fall, stay, or avoid sleep

41
Q

insomnia

A

dysomnia that makes it hard to fall or stay asleep

often brought on by anxiety or medication

42
Q

narcolepsy

A

dysomnia that removes voluntary control over the onset of sleep

often accompanied by cataplexy - loss of muscle control, sleep paralysis, hallucinations)

43
Q

sleep apnea

A

dysomnia characterized by an inability to breathe while asleep

can be obstructive (physical blockage) or central (brain fails to send signal)

44
Q

parasomnia

A

sleep disorders characterized by abnormal movements/behaviors during sleep

most occur during NREM sleep

45
Q

night terrors

A

parasomnia with periods of intense anxiety during slow wave sleep

people thrash and scream, are difficult to wake, don’t remember next morning

46
Q

sleep walking

A

parasomnia with walking in sleep

47
Q

hypnosis

A

a state of consciousness in which people appear to be in control of their normal faculties but are in a highly suggestible state

often used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, and smoking cessation

48
Q

meditation

A

involves a quieting of the mind

often used for relief of anxiety

49
Q

depressants

A

substances that reduce the nervous system activity

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain

50
Q

stimulants

A

substances that arouse the nervous system

include amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

increase the dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine concentrations in the synaptic cleft

51
Q

opiates/opioids

A

substances that include heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone

can cause death by respiratory depression

52
Q

hallucinogens

A

substances that include LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms

increase heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, pupil dilation

53
Q

marijuana

A

substances with depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects

THC active ingredient

decrease GABA receptor activity

increase heart rate, decrease blood pressure

54
Q

attention

A

concentrating on one aspect of sensory environment/sensorium

55
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on one part while ignoring the other - filtering

allowing other stimulus to be processed in the background - cocktail party phenomenon

56
Q

divided attention

A

perform multiple tasks at the same time, can be controlled (effortful) or automatic

57
Q

language

A

the method of human communication

includes phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

58
Q

phonemes

A

the actual sound of speech

59
Q

categorical perception

A

the ability to distinguish between subtle differences in pronunciation and a change in word meaning

60
Q

morphology

A

the structure of words, building blocks of words

61
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of words

(women vs. mommy)

62
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences

63
Q

pragmatics

A

the changes in language delivery depending on context

(excuse me vs. MOVE BITCH)

64
Q

nativist (biological) theory

A

theory that explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device

65
Q

language acquisition device

A

theoretical pathway in the brain that helps infants process/absorb language rules

66
Q

learning (behaviorist) theory

A

language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

infant perceives that certain sounds have little value, but doesn’t explain the explosion of words at 20 months

67
Q

social interactionist theory

A

explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

68
Q

whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis

A

the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

69
Q

broca’s area

A

interior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

motor function of speech with motor cortex

70
Q

wernicke’s area

A

superior temporal gyrus of temporal cortex

language comprehension

71
Q

aphasia

A

deficit of language production/comprehension

72
Q

broca’s (expressive) aphasia

A

reduced ability to produce spoken language

word stuck on tip of the tongue all of the time

73
Q

wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia

A

loss of speech comprehension

patients speak nonsense sounds but believe they are speaking and understanding perfectly

74
Q

conduction aphasia

A

damage to arcuate fasiculus

patient is unable to repeat something

75
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Wernicke’s area and broca’s area

76
Q

which psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?

A

hallucinogens

Bad Girl's MCAT Club (39 decks)

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