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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 10: Social Thinking > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 10: Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

interpersonal attraction

A

the attraction between people that leads to the development of romantic or platonic relationships

influenced by…

  • similarity
  • self-disclosure
  • reciprocity
  • proximity
  • outward appearance
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2
Q

self-disclosure

A

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy

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3
Q

reciprocal liking

A

people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

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4
Q

proximity

A

being physically close to someone

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5
Q

mere exposure effect / familiarity effect

A

people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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6
Q

aggression

A

behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance

can be physical, verbal, or nonverbal

can be caused by amygdala, testosterone, pain, hunger, exposure to violent behavior

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7
Q

amygdala

A

the part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli as their corresponding rewards or punishments

responsible for determining whether or not something is a threat

if activated, causes an increase in aggression

controlled by higher-order brain structures

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8
Q

cognitive neoassociation model

A

model which states what we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions like tiredness, sickness, frustration, pain

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9
Q

attachment

A

an emotional bond to another person, usually between a caregiver and a child

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10
Q

what are the four types of attachment?

A

secure attachment

avoidant attachment

ambivalent attachment

disorganized attachment

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11
Q

secure attachment

A

attachment in which a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing he has a secure base to return to

child shows strong preference for the caregiver

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12
Q

avoidant attachment

A

attachment in which the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child

child has no preference between a stranger and the caregiver

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13
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

attachment in which a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress

child is unable to form a secure base since he can’t rely on the caregiver’s response

child is distressed when the caregiver leaves but ambivalent or gives a mixed response when the caregiver returns

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14
Q

disorganized attachment

A

attachment that shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence

can include avoidance or resistance, seeming confused, or repetitive behaviors

associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver

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15
Q

social support

A

the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

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16
Q

what are the different categories of social support?

A

emotional support

esteem support

material support

informational support

network support

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17
Q

emotional support

A

support that entails listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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18
Q

esteem support

A

social support that directly affirms the qualities and skills of a person

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19
Q

material support / tangible support

A

support that entails any type of financial or material contribution to another person

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20
Q

informational support

A

support that entails providing information that will help someone

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21
Q

network support

A

support that gives a person a sense of belonging

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22
Q

foraging

A

seeking out and eating food

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23
Q

biological basis of foraging

A

hunger driven by hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus)

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24
Q

mating system

A

the organization of a group’s sexual behavior

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25
Q

monogamy

A

a mating system in which an exclusive mating relationship

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26
Q

polygamy

A

mating system that involves one member of a sex having multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex

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27
Q

polygyny

A

mating system with a male having exclusive relationships with multiple females

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28
Q

polyandry

A

mating system that a female having exclusive relationships with multiple males

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29
Q

promiscuity

A

mating system in which a member of one sex mates with any number of the opposite sex without exclusivity

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30
Q

mate choice / intersexual selection

A

the selection of a mate based on attraction

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31
Q

mate bias

A

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

aimed at increasing the fitness of the species

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32
Q

what are the direct and indirect benefits of mate bias?

A

direct benefits: material advantages, protection, emotional support

indirect benefits: promoting better survival in offspring

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33
Q

mechanisms of mate choice

A

phenotypic benefits

sensory bias

Fisherian/runaway selection

indicator traits

genetic compatibility

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34
Q

phenotypic benefits

A

observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex

usually indicate increased production and survival of offspring

ex. males that appear more nurturing

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35
Q

sensory bias

A

the development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population

ex. crabs naturally attracted to structures on the horizon because they suggest food - males take advantage of that and build pillars around their territory to attract

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36
Q

Fisherian/runaway selection

A

a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more exaggerated over time

trait deemed sexually attractive and is more likely to be passed on

ex. bright plummage of a peacock

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37
Q

indicator traits

A

traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates (may or may not be genetic)

ex. female cats more attracted to males with clean and shiny coats because they probably don’t have infections and are well-nourished

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38
Q

genetic compatibility

A

the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics

results in the decreased frequency of recessive genetic disorders

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39
Q

altruism

A

a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to herself

can be motivated by selflessness, egoism, public recognition, or some ulterior motives

40
Q

empathy

A

the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another

41
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

theory in which one individual helps another person when he feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost

42
Q

game theory

A

theory that attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

43
Q

altruism game strategy

A

game strategy

donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to himself

44
Q

cooperation game strategy

A

game strategy

both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating

45
Q

spite game strategy

A

game strategy

both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted

46
Q

selfishness game strategy

A

game strategy

the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

47
Q

inclusive fitness

A

a measure of an organism’s success in the population

based on # of offspring, success in supporting offspring, ability of offspring to then support others

48
Q

social perception

A

how er form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and groups of people

provides tools to make judgments and impressions of other people

49
Q

what are the three components of social perception

A

the perceiver

the target

the situation

50
Q

perceiver

A

component of social perception

the person who makes the social perception

influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state

51
Q

target

A

component of social perception

the person about which the perception is made

52
Q

situation

A

component of social perception

the social context in which the perception was made

53
Q

primacy effect

A

first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

54
Q

recency effect

A

the most recent information that we have about an individual is the most important in forming our impressions

55
Q

reliance on central traits

A

individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

56
Q

implicit personality theory

A

theory that states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

placing others into categories

57
Q

stereotyping

A

making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed

attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals

cognitive

58
Q

halo effect

A

a cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual

tendency to allow a general impression about a person to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person

59
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

a cognitive bias that believes that in a “just” world, good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people

increases the likelihood of “blaming the victim”

60
Q

self-serving bias / self-serving attributional bias

A

individuals will view their own success based on internal factors while viewing failures based on external factors

used to protect our self-esteem

61
Q

self-enhancement

A

the need to maintain self-worth

can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures

62
Q

attribution theory

A

theory which focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

63
Q

what are the two causes of attribution theory?

A

dispotional (internal) attributions

situational (external attributions

64
Q

dispositional (internal) attributions

A

attributions that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered

ex. beliefs, attitudes, personality characteristics

65
Q

situational (external) attributions

A

attributions that relate to features of the surroundings of the individual whose behavior is being considered

ex. threats, money, social norms, peer pressure

66
Q

consistency cues

A

cues which refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time

the more regular the behavior the more we associate that behavior with motives

67
Q

consensus cues

A

cues which relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others

if person deviates from socially expected behavior, we are likely to form a dispositional attribution to their behavior

68
Q

distinctiveness cues

A

cues which refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios

if person’s behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to them

69
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution

we correlate these unexpected actions with the person’s personality

70
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

theory which posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts

71
Q

attribute substitution

A

occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic

72
Q

actor-observer bias

A

due to our own unique knowledge about our own actions, we are more likely to make situational attributions for the self as compared to others

most commonly seen with negative behaviors

73
Q

stereotype content model

A

model which attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions:

warmth

competence

74
Q

warm groups of the stereotype content model

A

groups that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources

75
Q

competent groups of the stereotype content model

A

groups that have high status within society

76
Q

stereotypes in the stereotype content model

A

paternalistic

contemptuous

envious

admiration

77
Q

paternalistic stereotype

A

stereotype in the stereotype content model

the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored

ex. housewives, elderly people, disabled people

high warmth, low competence

78
Q

admiration stereotype

A

stereotype in the stereotype content model

group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings

ex. in-group, close allies

high warmth, high competence

79
Q

contemptuous stereotype

A

stereotype in the stereotype content model

group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger

ex. welfare recipients, poor people

low warmth, low competence

80
Q

envious stereotype

A

stereotype in the stereotype content model

group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust

ex. asians, jews, rich people, feminists

low warmth, high competence

81
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

stereotypes –> expectations

expectations create conditions… –> confirmation of those expectations

82
Q

stereotype threat

A

the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

can cause reduced performance, encourage self-handicapping strategies, lower one’s personal investment in an activity

83
Q

prejudice

A

an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity

= formation of attitudes regarding our own groups and a sense of identity

form in response to dissimilarities

affective (an attitude)

84
Q

propaganda

A

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular cause or point of view

common way for large organizations and political groups to attempt to create prejudices in others

85
Q

power

A

the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources

86
Q

prestige

A

the level of respect shown to a person by others

87
Q

class

A

an individual’s socioeconomic status

88
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own cultures

especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion

89
Q

in-group

A

a social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member

90
Q

out-group

A

a social group with which an individual does not identify

negative feelings towards this group are based on favoritism for the individual’s own group and the absence of favoritism for the other group

91
Q

cultural relativism

A

the perception of another culture as different from one’s own with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself

92
Q

discrimination

A

prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

behavioral

93
Q

individual discrimination

A

one person discriminating against a particular person or group

94
Q

institutional discrimination

A

the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

95
Q

spreading activation theory

A

phenomenon that occurs when a series of specific ideas/events are activated

create an activation pattern of other, related ideas/events that will be activated

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