Biology 1: The Cell

Question 1

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 1

covers the body and line its cavities

providing a means for protection against pathogen and desiccation

sometimes polarized - facing different environments

form parenchyma - functional parts of organs

Question 2

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 2

bacteria that can toggle between metabolic processes, aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism

Question 3

Anaerobes

Answer 3

bacteria that use fermentation or some other form of cellular metabolism that does not require oxygen

Question 4

Basal body

Answer 4

complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 5

Connective Tissue

Answer 5

supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their function

form stroma by secreting materials to form extracellular matrix (collagen, elastin)

ex. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood

Question 6

Obligate aerobes

Answer 6

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

Question 7

9+2 structure

Answer 7

only seen in eukaryotic organelles

make up with cilia and flagella

Question 8

Filament

Answer 8

hollow, helical structure composed of flagellin

Question 9

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 9

anaerobes that cannot survive in an oxygen-containing environment

Question 10

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 10

bacteria that are unable to use oxygen for metabolism

Question 11

Microtubules

Answer 11

hollow polymers of tubulin

make up motile structures cilia and flagella

provide pathways for motor proteins to carry vesicles

attach to kinetochores during mitosis

Question 12

Microfilaments

Answer 12

made up of solid polymerized rods of actin

interact with myosin for muscle contraction

organized into bundles and networks and are resistant to both compression and fracture

forms cleavage furrow during cytokinesis

Question 13

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 13

kesmin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins

help anchor organelles in the cytoplasm

involved in cell-to-cell adhesion

able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension

Question 14

cell theory

Answer 14

1. all living things are composed of cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of life
3. cells rise only from other cells
4. cells contain DNA, pass it on to their daughters

Question 15

the cytoskeleton is made up of what three components?

Answer 15

microtubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

Question 16

archaea

Answer 16

domain of prokaryotes

varied extremophiles

resistant to many antibiotics

Question 17

what are the different types of epithelia according to the number of layers they have and the shape of their cells?

Answer 17

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Question 18

what are the four different types of tissue?

Answer 18

connective

epithelial

muscular

nervous

Question 19

how are archaea similar to eukaryotes?

Answer 19

both these domains…

• start translation with methionine
• have similar RNA Pol
• use histones

Question 20

how are archaea similar to prokaryotes?

Answer 20

both these domains…

• have a single circular chromosome
• use binary fission
• have the same overall structure

Question 21

gram-positive bacteria

Answer 21

bacteria that absorb the crystal violet stain

have simple cell walls with thick peptidoglycan - protective layer

possess lipoteichoic acid -immunoinflammatory to humans

Question 22

gram-negative bacteria

Answer 22

bacteria which absorb the safranin (pink) stain

have cell walls with less peptidoglycan, adjacent to the cell membrane separated by periplasmic space

outer membrane with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides - strong immune response

very toxic and hard to treat

Question 23

what are the sizes for the subunits of the prokaryotic ribosome?

Answer 23

30s + 50s = 70s

Question 24

what are the sizes of the subunits of the eukaryotic ribosome?

Answer 24

40s + 60s = 80s

Question 25

episomes

Answer 25

a subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the bacterial genome

Question 26

transformation

Answer 26

the acquisition of genetic material from the environment, which can be integrated into the bacterial genome

Question 27

conjugation

Answer 27

the transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another across a conjugation bridge

a plasmid can be transferred from F+ to F- cells

Question 28

transduction

Answer 28

the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage as a vector

Question 29

tail sheath of bacteriophage

Answer 29

acts like a syringe, injecting material into a bacterium

Question 30

tail fiber of bacteriophage

Answer 30

help the bacteriophage recognize and connect to the correct host cell

Question 31

positive-sense RNA viruses

Answer 31

viruses in which the viral genome is directly translated into functional proteins by ribosomes in the host cell

Question 32

negative sense RNA viruses

Answer 32

viruses in which the viral genome must be transcribed into a complementary strand and then translated by ribosomes in host cell

requires RNA replicase

Question 33

retroviruses

Answer 33

an important class of cancer-causing viruses

RNA viruses that reproduce by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome

requires reverse transcriptase

Question 34

lytic cycle

Answer 34

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts opens, releasing viruses

Question 35

lysogenic cycle

Answer 35

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell’s DNA and is copied along with the host cell’s DNA

remains in this stage until “woken” by a stimulus

Question 36

prions

Answer 36

infectious proteins (nonliving)

1. trigger misfolding of proteins (conversion of alpha helical structure to beta-sheet)
2. –> reduces solubility of protein
3. –> cell is unable to degrade the misfolded protein
4. –> formation of protein aggregates

Question 37

viroids

Answer 37

small pathogens, circular single-stranded RNA

infect plants