Behavioral Sciences 3: Learning and Memory Flashcards
learning
acquiring new behaviors
a change in behaviors that occurs in response to a stimulus
habituation
decreased response as a result of repeated exposure to the same stimulus
dishabituation
recovery of a response
usually as a result of a second stimulus (temporary)
associative learning
creation of an association between two stimuli or between a behavior and response
a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences
classical conditioning
conditioning which uses biological/instictual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli (pavlov)
an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus
with repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response
acquisition
the process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus
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extinction
occurs when an organism becomes habituated to a conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
when an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented and a weak conditioned response occurs
generalization
a broadening affect
stimulus similar enough to conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response
discrimination
occurs when the organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli
operant conditioning
conditioning in which behavior is changed through the use of consequences
reinforcement
the process of increasing the likelihood that the organism will perform the behavior
positive reinforcement
process that hopes to increase the likeliness of behavior with incentives
negative reinforcement
process that hopes to increase the likeliness of a behavior by removing something unpleasant
escape learning
behavior is done to reduce the unpleasantness of something already existing
avoidance learning
behavior to reduce unpleasantness of something that has not yet happened
primary reinforcers
reinforcers that are unconditioned
secondary reinforcers
conditioned reinforcers
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus that indicates that a reward is potentially available
punishment
a process of decreasing the the likelihood that an organism will perform that behavior
positive punishment
hoping to reduce the occurrence of a behavior by adding something unpleasant
negative punishment
hoping to reduce the occurrence of behavior by removing something good
fixed-ratio schedules
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
ex. rewarding a rat every third time it presses button
continuous reinforcement
a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed
variable-ratio schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but the average number of performances to receive a rewards is relatively constant
ex. reward a rat after two button presses, then four, then eight, then six
works fastest for learning a new behavior, most resistant to extinction
fixed-interval schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforced the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period
ex. rat gets a pellet and doesn’t get another one until another 60 seconds, no matter how many additional presses afterwards
variable-interval schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior the first time its performed after a varying interval of time
ex. rat waits 90 seconds before next reward, then 30 sec, then 3 minutes
shaping
process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors
latent learning
learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is produced
problem solving
testing behaviors until yielding a reward
preparedness
learning a behavior that coincides with the organism’s natural behaviors
instinctive drift
difficulty in overcoming instinctual behavior