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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 9 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the scientific study of heredity

A

genetics

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2
Q

is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

A

heredity

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3
Q

was the first to study genetics. He did this by observing patterns of inhertance in pea plants

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Organisms are composed pf combination of many different

A

traits

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5
Q

Some traits are common and are referred to as ________________________ while others may be rare or unusual

A

wild type traits

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6
Q

The reason why we see such differences is because

A

individuals may possess variations of each gene

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7
Q

The overall appearance of an organism is called its ______________ it includes its physiology

A

phenotype

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8
Q

AN organism’s genetic makeup is called its ___________. It is all the organisms genes and their exact

A

genotype

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9
Q

genes exist at specific positions pn chromosomes called gene_____________

A

locus

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10
Q

mendel studied

A

garden

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11
Q

Pea plants have a variety of easily __________

A

observed traits

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12
Q

Pea plants ___________________

A

self fertilize

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13
Q

Medel ___________________ plants with different plants with different traits. He found true breeds/ pure breeds individuals and created ___________________

A

cross fertilized; hybrids

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14
Q

genes have different versions which we call

A

alleles

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15
Q

Alleles can be _____ or _____

A

dominant or recessive

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16
Q

Diploid organisms have _________ alleles for a gien gene

A

2

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17
Q

Each egg carries _________ and each sperm carries _____________ when them fuse 2 allels for creating a diploid organism

A

1 allele

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18
Q

A ___________ is a cross between organisms that differ in only 1 trait. In this example, the different trait amongst the parent plants is the color of the flower

A

monohybrid cross

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19
Q

____________ can be performed for multiple traits

A

monohybrid cross

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20
Q

An explanation of a monohybrid cross is a

A

punnett square

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21
Q

when eggs and sperm form allele pairs seperate from parent cells to make cells

A

law of independent assortment

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22
Q

The result of the law of independent assortment is that

A

each haploid gamet is unique and has only one allele of each gene

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23
Q

A chromosome pair consists of two

A

homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

if the alleles on two homologous chromosomes are identical

A

homozygous

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25
Q

if the alleles are different this is called

A

heterozygous

26
Q

Example of a homozygous dominant

A

PP

27
Q

Example of a homozygous recessive

A

pp

28
Q

Example of a heterozygous

A

Pp

29
Q

_______ looks at organisms with 2 traits of interest

A

dihybrids cross

30
Q

because alleles assort independently of other alleles during gamete formation formation

A

the results in all possible combination

31
Q

Mendel’s principles apply to all organisms including the inheritance of thousands of

A

human traits

32
Q

to determine the patterns of inheritance among families genetics draw

A

pedigrees

33
Q

these illustrate the history of a trait in a family

A

pedigrees

34
Q

the human disease hypercholesterolemia is another example of

A

incomplete dominance

35
Q

Blood type ______ is the recessive phenotype

A

O

36
Q

__ and __ are two _______ alleles

A

A B Codominat

37
Q

since most of these disorders are fairly rare we can conclude that they are ___________

A

recessive

38
Q

is the dominat disorder known as dwarfism. This condition is found in heterozygotes

A

Achondroplasia

39
Q

In dwarfism DD is a

A

leathal combination

40
Q

Additional tests can reveal

A
  • incomplete dominance
  • multi-allelic inheritance
  • peitropy
  • polygenic inheritance
41
Q

When F1 offspring have an appearance is an intermediate between two extreme parental phenotypes, this is the result of allelic

A

incomplete dominance

42
Q

The human disease hypercholesterolemia is another example of

A

example of incomplete dominance

43
Q

If you are homozygous for the A allele (IAIA) or are heterozygous (IAi) your blood type is

A

A

44
Q

If you are homozygous for the B allele (IBIB) or are heterozygous (IBi) your blood type is

A

B

45
Q

If you are heterozygous with both dominant alleles present, you have blood type

A

AB

46
Q 
blood
group gene in
humans is an
Blood Group (Phenotype)
Genotypes
Carbohydrates Present on Red Blood Cells
Carbohydrate A
Carbohydrate B
Carbohydrate A and Carbohydrate B
Neither
  example for a IAIA
gene with A or
 multiple alleles.
A

ABO

47
Q

If a single gene affects more than one trait, this is called

A

pleiotropy

48
Q

If two or more genes have combined effects on the phenotype, this is called polygenic inheritance this occurs because

A

more than 1 gene influences the phenotype expressed

49
Q

In addition to genetics, there are many ________________ that help shape the phenotype.

A

environmental influences

50
Q

Linked genes are located close together on a chromosome, therefore during crossing over (in Prophase I of Meiosis) they are

A

often inherited together

51
Q

To determine how crossing over worked, scientists used the fruit fly

A

disophila melangaster

52
Q

Using Drosophila, frequencies of gene inheritance (from crossing over) were determined. Based the frequent genes were inherited together, the more likely they are located

A

closer together on the same chromosome

53
Q

This allows us to determine the order and spacing of genes on a chromosome, resulting in a

A

linkage map

54
Q

Among the chromosome pairs of organisms, one pair may be the one carrying the genes to determine

A

the sex of an individual.

55
Q

Males

Females

A

XY

XX

56
Q

Genes located on sex chromosomes are called

A

sex linked genes

57
Q

The inheritance of ___________in the fruit fly illustrates an X-linked recessive trait in the fruit fly Drosophila melanoganaster.

A

white eye color

58
Q

Among humans, a common type of sex-linked disorder is

A

red/green color blindness

59
Q

red green color bindness

A

This disorder is linked to the X chromosome.

– It is characterized by a malfunction of light- sensitive cells in the eyes.

60
Q

Another sex-linked disease is ____________, a blood- clotting disease.

A

hemophilid

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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