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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 10 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the scientific study of life at the molecular level

A

molecular biology

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2
Q

Understanding molecular biology aids in the study of

A
  • disease, bacteria, viruses
  • DNA , genes, inheritance
  • cancer
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3
Q

is the molecule that stores the information to create an organism (blue print)

A

DNA

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4
Q

the _________________ in DNA can be copied and passes on to the next generation

A

information stored

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5
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids that can store genetic information

A

DNA and RNA

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6
Q

DNA and RNA consist on monomers called

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

sugar + nigtrogenous base + phosphate

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8
Q

What differentiate nucleotides from each other

A

their nitrogenous bases

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9
Q

What are the nucleotides in DNA

A

Adinine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

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10
Q

What are the nucleotides in RNA

A

Adinine, Guanine. Cytosine, Uracil

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11
Q

What are the 2 bases that are Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine AG

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12
Q

What are the 3 bases that are Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine Uracil and Thymine

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13
Q

Who discovered that DNA is shaped in a double Helix and received a nobel prize for it

A

Watson and Crick

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14
Q

What are the nitrogenous base pairs

A

A-T and G-C

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15
Q

During __________, a cell’s DNA is copied completely so each new cell will have a complete set of DNA in the form of Chromosomes

A

the cell cycle

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16
Q

Each of the two original DNA strands serves as a template based on which two new strands of DNA are made by an enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

one of the original two DNA strands is passed on to each of the new cells in ______ _________

A

DNA replication

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18
Q

DNA is synthesized using the

A

parent strand as a templet

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19
Q

___________ break to form a single strand of DNA

A

H bonds

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20
Q

______________________ spreads from specific origins, is bidirectional adding nucleotides in each direction, once completed produces two daughter strands

A

DNA replication

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21
Q

_________________ is what controls how the organism looks and functions-its ___________________

A

DNA/genotype, phenotype

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22
Q

From one generation to the next __________ is continually replicated and passed down

A

DNA

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23
Q

Because DNA is copied and passed down we

A

should have simular sequences of nucleotides to our parents

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24
Q

a set of stored instructions that make proteins

A

DNA

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25
Q

RNA is generated from DNA from complementary base pairing

A

transcription

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26
Q

RNA is ____________________ into proteins after transcription

A

translated

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27
Q

There are about __________ genes in the human genome each of which encode a _____________

A

300,000, one specific protein

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28
Q

DNA is traanscibed

A

1 protein at a time

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29
Q

Each cell contains ________ the information to produce all proteins encoded in the entire genome

A

all

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30
Q

because cells specialize to do specific jobs, specific cells only express specific genes which code for cells only express specific genes which code for

A

proteins necessary for that specific cells function

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31
Q

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determine

A

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

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32
Q

each protein differs by their

A

type of amino group and sequence of amino acids

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33
Q

When DNA is transcribed a

A

RNA molecule is produced

34
Q

3 consecutive RNA nucloetides is called a

A

codon

35
Q

codes for one of 20 amino acids

A

codon

36
Q

the dictionary which describes which nucleotide sequence codes into which amino acid

A

the genetic code

37
Q 
for transcription:
G=
T=
A=
C=
A

G=A
T=A
A=U
C=G

38
Q

The enzyme ________ is the enzyme which synthesizes RNA from DNA

A

RNA polymers

39
Q

The first phase of transcription is

A

initiation

40
Q

to begin polymerase must detect a start sequence called a

A

proliminator

41
Q

When the enzyme encounters a promoter sequence,

it becomes attached to the DNA strand. This must occur before

A

RNA can be transcribed from DNA

42
Q

The second phase of transcription is

A

elongation

43
Q

during ____________more and more nucleotides are attached to the growing RNA molecule, representing an entire gene.

A

elongation

44
Q

the third phase of transcription

A

termination

45
Q

Near the end of each gene is a sequence of bases

called a ______________ sequence.

A

terminator

46
Q

When the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator, it is stimulated to detach from the DNA template, and RNA synthesis stops ending transcription. This RNA is then processed into messenger RNA or mRNA by a process called _____________.

A

splicing

47
Q

during splicing

A

introns are edited out and exons are spliced together

48
Q

Splicing converts RNA into

A

mRNA

49
Q

during translation, the set of instructions on an RNA molecule is converted to

A

an amino acid sequence.

50
Q

Just as transcription was facilitated by an enzyme, translation requires the presence of

A

other molecules

51
Q

What additional RNA molecules are needed to facilitate translation

A

tRNA- Transfer
rRNA -ribosomal
mRNA -Messanger

52
Q

brings amino acids to the mRNA

A

tRNA transfer RNA

53
Q

are 3 consecutive tRNA nucleotides which H- bond to corresponding mRNA codons

A

anticodons

54
Q

each anticodon carries with it

A

1 amino acid

55
Q

are small organelles. They are the site where amino acids are joined, and protein precursors are made.

A

ribosomes

56
Q

each ribosome is made of

A

two subunits

57
Q

Ribosmomes are made of

A

RNA

58
Q

A working ribosome with all the players for translation assembled.
Translation has three phases, _____________________ _______________________

A

initiation
elongation
termination

59
Q

have a cap and tail to help bind the ribosomal subunit.

A

mRNA molecules

60
Q

mRNA binds to the small

ribosomal subunit, then an initiator tRNA anti codon molecule binds to the start codon (AUG) bringing with it Methionine

A

Intitiation

61
Q

Subsequent mRNA codons attract incoming tRNA anticodons in proper sequence (in sets of 3 nucleotides per amino acid)

A

codon recognition

62
Q

The ribosome acts as a catalyst and connects the growing amino acid tail with the amino acid on the incoming tRNA.

A

peptide bond formation

63
Q

Empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome, incoming tRNAs switch places, and the mRNA moves down one codon.

A

translocation

64
Q

tRNA are recharged and use ATP

A

wlamins acids

65
Q

anticodons from tRNA bind with codons on mRNA in

  • codon recognition
  • peptide formation
  • translocation
A

elongation

66
Q

Elongation continues until the ribosome reaches a

A

stop codon

67
Q

A mutation is a permanent change in the

A

nucleotide sequence of DNA

68
Q

___________within a gene can be divided into two general categories.

A

Mutations

69
Q

single base substitutions can alter

A

1 amino acid in a protein

70
Q

Insertions and deletions of a_____________can cause a change in the entire reading frame

A

nucleotide

71
Q

sources that cause mutations

A

mutagens

72
Q

Although mutations are usually always harmful to an organism, they are considered a driving force of

A

diversity and variation.

73
Q

are essentially, just DNA packaged inside proteins

A

Viruses

74
Q

They aren’t considered living because they lack certain cellular mechanisms, such as growth.

A

Viruses

75
Q

Viruses that attack bacteria are called

A

bacteriaphages

76
Q

After infection of a bacteria, the virus enters one of two

A

reproductive cycles lytic or lysogenic cycles

77
Q

The study of HIV which causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has significantly enhanced researchers understanding of

A

Viruses

78
Q

HIV is a _____________, an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule.

A

retrovirus

79
Q

Retroviruses copy their RNA to DNA using the enzyme ___________________.

A

reverse transcription

80
Q

This enables the virus to incorporate is viral DNA in the host’s _______ of a human.

A

DNA

81
Q

Overtime HIV may result in

A

AID’s

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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