Biology 100 Unit 6 Flashcards
Your body breaks down glucose to produce
ATP
ATP is used for ______ and is important in the ________ of organisms
energy; metabolism
What are the 2 types of Metabolism
- aerobic
- anaerobic
6H2O+6CO2->C6H12O6+6O2
Photosynthesis
metobolism breaks down glucose in the presence of O2 to produce ATP
Aerobic
metabolism breaks down glucose in absence of O2, to produce far less
anaerobic
In the presence of sunlight plants convert water and carbon dioxide to
glucose and 02
(self feeders) include plants and some other organisms that make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients.
autotrophs
other feeders. Humans and many other animals that cannot make their own food from inorganic materials
heterotrophs
autotrophs and other producers in an ecosystem
producer
Heterotrophs and other animals are this because they eat plants and other animals
consumers
____________ is fuel in cellular respiration
glucose
aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules
cellular respiration
Plants and animals under go ____________ which depends on gas exchange
cellular respiration
_________ and ________ undergo cellular respiration
plants and animals
Plants take in _________ through _______ and give off __________
CO2, leaves, 02
Animals take in _______ through __________ and give off ______________
O2 lungs, CO2
includes a series of hydrogen atoms and electron transfers
cellular respirtation
In cellular respirtation oxogen atoms
attract
In cellular respirtation hydrogen ions and their electrons move from ____________
glucose to O2 to make water
The removal of electrons from molecules is called
Oxidation
The transfer of electrons from one molecule to another are called
REDOX reactions
Electron loss as a part of a redox reaction is called
oxidation LEO
Electron gain as a part of a redox reaction is called
Reduction GER
H+ and E- are removed from glucose by the ________ e- start the transfer with ___________
enzyme dehydrogenase; high energy
electrons start the transfer from glucose to oxygen and they
lose energy
These electrons eventually react with O2 and release ______________________
small amounts of energy
The trip of an electron down the energy hill may involve
other molecules
some molecules act as
energy producing turbins
The trip begins with NAD+ a
electron acceptor
A series of ______________ transfer the electrons to an even lower energy state in a series of redox reactions
electron acceptor molecules
The electron transport chain facilitates the ________________ of electrons
transfer of electrons
Eventually this transfer of e-
activates electron transport proteins to make ATP
is an example of a metabolic pathway
cellular respiration
is a set of chemical reactions in cells
metabolism
what are some of the distict stages of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- preparatory stage
- the citric acid cycle
- the electron transport chain
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of
pyruvic acid are formed
the electrons from ______ to _____ in glycolisis
NAD to NADH
Each molecule of pyruvic acid transfers 1 phosphate to ADP is
ATP
Enzymes aid in the transfer of
phosphate
2 moles of _______ are made from 1 molecule of __________
ATP and glucose
must be prepared before entering the citric acid cycle
pyruvic acid
the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is transferred into ___________ which can now enter the citric acid cycle
acetyl coenzyme
What are the steps in the citric acid cycle
- 2 carbon molecule joins a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid
- 2CO2 molecules exit as waste
- most of energy from electrons are captured by NADH which may transfer electrons
- Some energy transfers ADP and ATP
- Remaining electrons are captured by FADH2
- Any 4 carbon molecules in cycle are recycled and join another acetyl CoA forming citric acid
The electron acceptors of electron transport chains are built into the ____________ of _________
inner membrane of mitochondria
Electrons move from one electron aceptor to the next to a ________ energy state
lower
Energy is not lost but used to fuel the
hydrogen pump
on the more highly concentrated side of the membrane have tendency to return to the other side of the membrane
hydrogen ions
the _________ energy from the hydorgen ions flow from the hydrogen ion that allows ATP to be involved in a process know as _____________
kinetic energy; chromiosmosis
The processes of cellular respiration uses other molecules such as
- carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins
energy is extracted best from glucose most efficiently in the presents of
oxogen
With oxogen glucose extracts _____ ATP with out oxygen it extracts ___________
32, 2
lactic acid is an example of
anaerobic respiration
because lactic acid can nat enter the citric acid cycle the effectiveness of the ___________ is limited
metabolism
human muscle cells can break down glucose and make ATP through
Anaerobic process
is the anerobic process pathway to obtain energy from food in the absense of oxgen
fermentation
fermentation in yeast and baking, and wine making is
alchoholic fermentation
fermentation is used in
pickling
baking
production of cheeses
production of alchohol
