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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 23 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 23 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area.

A

population

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2
Q

Individuals in a population
– __________________________________
– are influenced by the same __________________, – are likely to interact and breed with one another.

A

=rely on the same resources

-enviromental factors

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3
Q

is the study of factors that affect a population

A

population ecology

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4
Q

Populations can be influenced by the interactions

A

between biotic and abiotic factors, resulting in variations in population sizes.

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5
Q

Population ecology is used to study
– How to develop _________________
– how to controll __________________
– ____________________

A
  • sustainable fisheries
  • pests and pathogens
  • human population growth
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6
Q

In Population ecology, factors that influence a population include:

A
  • density
  • structure
  • size
  • growth rate
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7
Q

the number of individuals of a certain species in a given area.

A

population density

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8
Q

To determine population density, it would be necessary to

A

census the entire population. (impractical or impossible)

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9
Q

Instead, population densities are estimated by indirect indicators, such as number of ____________________ _______.

A

bird nests or radant burrows

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10
Q

Another estimation technique is the ______________ __________________.

A

mark-recapture method

-Animals are trapped, marked, and then recaptured after a period of time.

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11
Q

Patterns of Dispersion
 If individuals aggregate in patches, their dispersion is ___________. This is often due to nutrients distributed ___________.

A

clumped

unevenly

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12
Q

Patterns of dispursion: In some cases, behavioral interactions between individuals ensures a nearly _______________.

A

equal spacing

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13
Q

This type of dispersion pattern, equal spacing, is called _________.

A

uniform

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14
Q

If there is no biotic or abiotic interaction to determine the dispersion, individuals may be _______________________.

A

spaced unpredictable

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15
Q

During spaced or unpredictable spacing:
– This is the ______________ dispersion pattern.
– Commonly occurs in _________________.

A

random

rainforests

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16
Q

– The age __________________ is the distribution of individuals among age groups.

A

structure of a population

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17
Q

The age structure of a population provides insight into

A

the history of a populations survival repoductive success

-how the population relates to enviromental factors

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18
Q

are graphic representations of life table data.

A

survivorship curves

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19
Q

survivorship curves :

Type I, flat at start, reflect low death rates, and ______________ __________________

A

death rates increase in older groups

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20
Q

survivorship curves:

Type II, mortality is __________________

A

constant over times

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21
Q

survivorship curves :

Type III, high death rates at 1st, ________ __________________

A

few survive at an older age

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22
Q

Two types of life history strategies are

A

opportunistic and equilibrial.

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23
Q

Opportunists
– ________________________________________
– ________________________________________

A
  • mature quickly and reproduce young

- produce manly offspring

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24
Q

Opportunistic growing populations tend to follow the exponential growth model as indicated by a

A

type III survivorship curve.

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25
Q 
Equilibrists
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
– produce fewer offspring than opportunists.
– exhibit parental care.
A
  • mature and reproduce later

- have a more elabrate context to their lives

26
Q

Populations following an equilibrial strategy exhibit a

A

type I survivorship curve.

27
Q

The exponential growth model describes the rate of expansion of a population under optimal growth conditions, with _________________________________.

A

no biotic and aniotic limitations

28
Q

growth model describes the rate of expansion of a population under optimal growth conditions,

A

the exponential growth model

29
Q

In nature, a population may grow exponentially for a while, but eventually

A

one or more environmental factors will limit its growth.

30
Q

The _________________
is therefore a more
realistic model for wild populations.

A

logistic growth model

31
Q

It describes the growth of an idealized population that is slowed when it encounters limiting factors.

A

logistic growth model

32
Q

The________________ of an environment is the number of individuals that can be maintained by that environment.

A

carrying capacity

33
Q

This graph allows us to compare the two population growth models.

A

exponential growth map

34
Q

The addition of individuals to a population leads to competition of resources, this is referred to as ______________________________(competition of the same species)

A

intraspecific competition

35
Q

This means that population growth is largely__________ _________________, a biotic factor.

A

density dependent

36
Q

Density-dependent factors first slow

A

the population growth rate, then limit its size.

– Their effects intensify as the population grows.
– They result in an increase of a population’s death rate
and a decrease in its birth rate.

37
Q

are unrelated to the number of individuals in the population.

A

Density-independent factors

38
Q

In nature, many populations never reach carrying capacity before some __________ _______________ _______________.

A

density independent factors limit their growth rate

39
Q

In a tight predator-prey relationship, as in the cycle of the snowshoe hare and the lynx, ____________________ _______________________.

A

both prey and predator cycle together

40
Q

Population ecology can help guide us toward resource management goals.

A

– Increase populations of organisms we wish to harvest
– Decrease populations of pests
– Save populations of organisms threatened with extinction

41
Q

The U.S. Endangered Species Act defines:

– An ___________________ as one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

A

endangered species

42
Q

The U.S. Endangered Species Act defines:

– A ______________________ as one that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

A

threatened species

43
Q

According to the logistic growth model, the fastest growth rate occurs when a population size is at roughly _______________________________.

A

1/2 of the carrying capacity

44
Q

Theoretically, populations should be harvested down to this level (1/2 carrying capacity) , assuming that ________________________________________________

A

growth rate and carrying capacity are stable over time.

45
Q

In the northern Atlantic cod fishery

A

– The fishery collapsed in 1992 and has not recovered
– Estimates of cod stocks were too high
– The practice of discarding young cod (not of legal size) at sea caused a higher mortality rate than was predicted

46
Q

Human Population Growth:

 The human population can be described using the ________________________________.

A

exponential growth

47
Q

To calculate the growth of the human population we use the same parameters as with other populations: ______ _________________________________________

A

birth rates and death rates

48
Q

_________________________: Birth rates were once higher than death rates, however both birth rates and death rates are near equilibrium showing no growth.

A

Demographic transition

49
Q

Another important parameter for describing the human population is

A

its age structure.

50
Q

An _______________________ shows the proportion of individuals in different age groups

A

age structure diagram

51
Q

Age structure diagrams show what percentage of people in a population is

A

young, of reproductive age, part of the work force, or retired.

52
Q

age structure diagrams It can help us predict

A

population growth in the immediate future and what to do about it.

53
Q

The wider the base of the age structure diagram, the faster the population growth because the next generation will soon enter their reproductive years. _______________________________

A

This is population momentum

54
Q

As the human population grows, ________________________ such as resource consumption and pollution, increase significantly.

A

density-dependent factors,

55
Q

Current Estimates
• ___________ people within the next 20 years and
• ___________ by mid-21st century.

A

8 billion

9.5 billion

56
Q

Do we have sufficient resources to sustain 8 or 9 billion people?

A

To accommodate all the people expected to live on our planet by 2025, the world will have to nearly double food production.

57
Q

An __________________ is an estimate of the amount of land required to provide the raw materials an individual or a population consumes,

A

ecological footprint

58
Q

ecological footprint examples are:

A
  • food
  • fuel
  • water
  • housing
  • waste disposal
59
Q

There is tremendous disparity in consumption throughout the world.
– The world’s richest countries have 20% of the global population
– Use ________ of the world’s resources
– The rest of the world has 80% of the population – Uses just __________ of global resources

A

86%

14%

60
Q

Some researchers estimate that
– if everyone on Earth had the same standard of living as
people living in the United States,
– we would need the resources of ___________

A

4.5 earths

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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