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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 16 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

single celled organisms (few exceptions) which lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes are considered to be the most

A

ancient and simplest life-forms

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3
Q

Prokaryotes are still the most

A

numerous and most widespread organisms on Earth today.

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4
Q

Prokaryotes are two domains, ______________________.

A

Archae and Bacteria

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5
Q

Prokaryotes are

A

1–5 μm in diameter

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6
Q

Prokaryotes (numberous)

A

– are found wherever there is life.
– outnumber all eukaryotes
combined.

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7
Q

Prokaryotes:
– can cause ________.
– can be __________.
– have no __________.

A

disease
beneficial
organelles

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8
Q

Prokaryotes typically take the form of

A

1 of 3 different shapes

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9
Q

Nearly all prokaryotes have

A

a cell wall

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10
Q

A prokaryote’s cell walls

A

– provide physical protection and

– prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.

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11
Q

When Gram stained, cell walls of bacteria are either

A

gram positive or gram negative

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12
Q

with more layers of peptidoglycan, or

A

gram positive

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13
Q

with less peptidoglycan, however a more complex cytoplasmic membrane & more likely to cause disease.

A

gram negative

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14
Q

The cell wall of many prokaryotes is covered by a

A

capsule, a sticky layer of polysaccharides or protein.

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15
Q

_____________: enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony and

A

capsule

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16
Q

A capsule shields _____________________ from attacks by a host’s immune system.

A

pathogenic prokaryotes

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17
Q

Some prokaryotes have external structures that extend

A

beyond the cell wall

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18
Q

help prokaryotes move in their environment.

A

flagella

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19
Q

Hairlike projections called ______________ enable prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or each other

A

fimbriae

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20
Q

exhibit much more nutritional diversity than eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotic

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21
Q

obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

A

Photoautotrophs

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22
Q

obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules.

A

Photoheterotrophs

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23
Q

harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

A

Chemoautotrophs

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24
Q

acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules.

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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25
Q

____________: are complex associations of one or several species of prokaryotes

A

biofilms

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26
Q

Prokaryotes attach to surfaces and form biofilm communi

A

are difficult to eradicate

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27
Q

are large complex “cities” of microbes that
– communicate by chemical signals, coordinate a division of labor & defense, and use channels to distribute nutrients and collect wastes.

A

biofilms

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28
Q

example of a biofilms

A

plaque on teeth and drains in pipes

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29
Q

Prokaryotes are useful for cleaning up contaminants in the environment because prokaryotes

A

– have great nutritional diversity,

– are quickly adaptable, and can form biofilms.

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30
Q

______________is the use of organisms to remove

pollutants from soil, air, or water.

A

bioremediation

31
Q

are the mainstays of sewage treatements facilities

A

prokaryotic decomposers

32
Q

The domain Bacteria is currently divided into

A

five groups, based on comparisons of genetic sequences.

33
Q

all gram negative bacteria, diverse, some are symbiotic with legumes (N2 fixers)

A

Proteobacteria

34
Q

as diverse as proteobacteria

A

Gram-positive bacteria

35
Q

the only group of prokaryotes with plantlike,

oxygen-generating photosynthesis. Some are N2 fixers.

A

Cyanobacteria

36
Q

intracellular bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells.

A

Chlamydias

37
Q

are helical bacteria and notorious pathogens, causing syphilis and Lyme disease.

A

Spirochetes

38
Q

All organisms are almost constantly exposed to

A

pathogenic bacteria.

39
Q

Most bacteria that cause illness

A

produce a poison

40
Q

___________are proteins that bacterial cells secrete

into their environment.

A

exotoxins

41
Q

are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

A

endotoxins

42
Q

are unicellular microbes that are capable to inhabiting extreme environments. They have unusual proteins and other molecular adaptations that enable them to metabolize and reproduce effectively.

A

archae

43
Q

Extreme _____________thrive in very salty places.

A

halophiles

44
Q

– Extreme _____________thrive in
– very hot water, such as geysers, and
– acid pools.

A

thermophiles

45
Q

_________________: live in anaerobic environments, and give off methane as a waste product from
ex: the digestive tracts of cattle, deer, and in decomposing materials of landfills.

A

Methanogens

46
Q

are a diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Protists refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungus, however they often share some similarities to these eukaryotes.

A

Protists

47
Q

– This makes classification of Protists

A

difficult, and classification is not universal among all Biologists.difficult, and classification is not universal among all Biologists.

48
Q

Protists are found in many habitats including

A

– anywhere there is moisture and

– the bodies of host organisms.

49
Q

Protists mode of

A

diverse nutricion

50
Q

autotrophs which produce their food

by photosynthesis,

A

algae

51
Q

heterotrophs which eat bacteria and other protists.

A

protozoans

52
Q

heterotrophs which derive their nutrition from a living host

A

parasites

53
Q

use photosynthesis and heterotrophs

A

mixotrophs

54
Q

explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A

The endosymbiont theory

55
Q

eukaryotic cells evolved when

A

when prokaryotes established residence within other, larger prokaryotes.

56
Q

This theory is supported by present-day __

A

mitochondria and chlorplasts

57
Q

Support for Endosymbiosis includes

A

– structural and molecular similarities to prokaryotic
cells
– replication and use their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA of the cell.

58
Q

the process in which an autotrophic eukaryotic protist became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

A

Secondary endosymbiosis:

59
Q

This is thought to be a key of protist diversity.

A

Secondary endosymbiosis:

60
Q

are a large supergroup including autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs.

A

Chromalveolates

61
Q

Representatives of Chromalveolates

A

– diatoms,
– dinoflagellates – brown algae, – water molds, – ciliates,
– Plasmodium

62
Q

____________, unicellular algae with a glass cell

wall containing silica,

A

diatoms

63
Q

____________, unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs that are common components of marine plankton,

A

dinoflagellates

64
Q

_____________, large, multicellular autotrophs,

A

brown algae

65
Q

unicellular heterotrophs,

A

water molds

66
Q

_____________, unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs that use cilia to move and feed,

A

ciliates

67
Q

a group including parasites, such as ____________, which causes malaria.

A

plasmodian

68
Q

are a claude (group) grouped together by DNA similarities.

A

Rhizarians

69
Q

include Foraminiferans & Radiolarians which are often referred to as amoebas

A

Rhizarians

70
Q

____________: are found in the oceans and in fresh

A

formaminaferenas

71
Q

are mostly marine
– produce a mineralized internal skeleton made of
silica.

A

Radiolarians:

72
Q

is a new clade on the basis of molecular and morphological similarities.

A

excavata

73
Q

have modified mitochondria that lack functional electron transport chains and
use anaerobic pathways such as glycolysis to extract energy.

A

excavates

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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