Biology 100 Unit 17 Flashcards
Plants are
multicellular, autotrophic, terrestrial eukaryotes
Plants must have important ______________________________ differences than algae to deal with gravity and water loss
structural and functional
Plants obtain light and carbon dioxide from the ___, but water and nutrients from the ____.
air, soil
plants may possess structures
both above and below ground
__________(stems and leaves) and _________.
shoots and roots
Plants also have ___________, a chemical that hardens cell walls which helps keep them erect
lignin
transports substances between the roots and shoots.
vascular tissue
_____________ transports water up from the roots.
Xylem
_____________ transports food (sugars) down from the shoot.
Phloem
What are the two types of Vascular Tissue
Phloem and Xylem
To increase nutrient uptake, many plants have symbiotic associations with bacteria and fungi, such as __________ on their roots. This fungus increases surface area of roots, and takes up more water
Mycorrhizae
Photosynthesis is primarily carried out in the ________ __________ located in the leaves of a plant.
mesophyll cells
Leaves allow gas exchange, using ____________(openings) to take in CO2 necessary for the calvin cycle to produce glucose
stomata
Plants have protective structures called ____________ to produce their gametes.
gametangia
After fertilization, the zygote develops inside the _____________________________
female plant.
by photosynthetic organisms is thought to have occurred gradually.
Colonization of terrestrial environments
Molecular evidence indicates ________________, a group of green algae, as the closest relatives of terrestrial plants.
charophytes
The evolutionary history of the plant kingdom shows how successive adaptations allowed plants to become highly successful in
diverse terrestrial habitats
Evolutionary Botanists identify four major steps in plant evolution.
(1) the origin of plants from the charophytes
– (2) the diversification of vascular plants
– (3) the origin of the seed
– (4) the emergence of angiosperm (flowering plants)
non-vascular plants, they grow in low lying mats. Include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
brogphytes
considered to be the 1st vascular plant, however it lacks seeds, and contains spores. Include club mosses & ferns.
ferns
(conifers) have a “naked seed” because the seed is not protected by maternal tissue. Include conifers, cycads & ginkos.
gymnosperms
flowering plants, flower is a complex reproductive structure that develops seeds inside protective maternal tissues called ovaries.
angiosperms
This primitive group includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Bryophytes
Bryophytes have two key adaptations for living on land.
A waxy protective surface layer helps prevent
dehydration.
– Embryos develop within the mother’s gametangium, (which keep them protected).
This is a much more ______________________ into the environment susceptible to damage
effective strategy than issuing underdeveloped offspring
Mosses have two distinct parts.
gametophytes and sporophytes
A __________
produces gametes.
gametophyte
A ___________ produces spores
sporophyte
The life cycle of a moss shows that chromosome number changes
at fertilization
The life cycle of a moss shows that chromosome number changes at fertilization
alternation of generations.
In mosses, the main part of the plant is the ________
_____________
haploid gametophyte
use spores to reproduce
Ferns and club mosses
are through to be dominant during the Carboniferous period, about 290–360 million years ago, prevalent in swampy forests.
ferns
These forests formed what would become _________
fossil fuels
As the climate cooled, _______________ _were the first seed plants to have evolved.
gymnosperms
gymnosperms are
better suited for a drier, colder climate
(pine trees which are gymnosperms) replaced ferns over much of northern Eurasia and North America.
conifers
They are usually ____________, which retain their leaves throughout the year.
annuals, evergreen
have three terrestrial adaptations.
Conifers and most other gymnosperms
The _________________________ and its influence on the overall life cycle.
gametophyte reduced in size
The evolution of ________ to fertilize an ovule (plant egg)
pollen
The evolution of the _________, which can now make dispersal and the growth of the new organism more efficient.
seed
Gametophyte is reduced among more recent derived plants, and _____________ _generation is dominant
sporophyte
The second terrestrial adaptation of seed plants is
the evolution of pollen.
A pollen grain
– is the much-reduced male gametophyte
–fertilizes the female gametophyte.
The entire pine tree is actually a sporophyte because
containing tiny gametophytes living in cones.
the male gametophyte
pollen
The female gametophyte
Embroytic sac sporophyte
The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the __________.
seed
is a fully formed plant embryo with a nutrient starter pack, surrounded by a protective barrier.
seed
are the most successful and diverse type of plant.
angiosperm
angiosperm are the most successful type of plant because
They have succeeded because of more efficient water transport and the innovation of the flower.
– The flower attracts specific pollinates
Angiosperms dominate the
plant kingdom in diversity
However, the female gametophyte is protected inside ovaries of the __________________.
sporophyte flower
Like gymnosperms, the dominant stage of the angiosperms is the ____________ (2n), and the male gametophytes (n) are pollen (also as in the gymnosperms)
sporophyte
The ovary develops into the ___________, which is high in nutrients (contains lots of sugars).
fruit
Organisms may eat the fruit to
obtain nutrients, and in turn disperse seeds without knowing it
Not only do plants use animals to disperse their pollen,
they also use animals to disperse their fruit
mature sporophyte
2n Plant
Pollen grains are transferred from anther of stamen,
to the stigma of the carpel
To produce a zygote _________Pollen contains 2 sperm nuclei, and one of these nuclei
2n, fertilize the ovule in an ovary
mature sporophyte (2n) plant
Pollen grains are transferred from anther of stamen, to the stigma
of the carpel
Pollen contains 2 sperm nuclei, and one of these nuclei fertilize the ovule in an ovary
This produces a zygote (2n),
The zygote develops into an embryo, and the other sperm nuclei
Life cycle of a flowering Plant
A fruit is a seed-bearing ______________ _______________________________________ ____________________________________
ovary that provides a plant with additional benefits.
Some fruits use ____ _________
wind for dispursal
Other fruits attach to _______________,
And some are consumed where seeds are left to sprout
fur on animal
are at the base of most food chains because they decompose and recycle organic materials.
fungi
Fungi have enzymes which break up ____________.
cellulose
The greater____________________ the more efficient they can recycle materials leading to greater productivity (e.g., tropical rainforests).
the fungal diversity,
Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Most are multicellular, but some species are unicellular.
Fungi are diverse and categorized into
5 different groups. Often grouped according to their reproductive structures.
flagellated spores
Chytrids
characteristic protective zygosporangium
for reproduction
Zygomycetes:
: forms mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plants)
Glomeromycetes
sac fungi, with asci housing reproductive spores
Ascomycetes:
club fungi, with spores in a protective structure called basidium.
Basidiomycota:
The visible structures of macroscopic fungi are called
hyphae.
Septate hyphae have cells separated by chitin (polysaccharide) barriers called
septa
Aseptate hyphae are
tubelike, without septa.
Hyphae can form an interwoven mat called a ______________, which is the feeding structure of fungus.
mycelium
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either
sexually or asexually
Fungi and bacteria are the __________________in ecosystems.
principle decomposers
They keep an ecosystem supplied with nutrients.
can destroy fruit, wood, and human-made materials.
molds
Fungi are commercially important.
to make
beer, wine, and cheese
Some Fungi produce antibiotics as a means of self defense. Penecillium is one example of a fungus which produces the antibiotic ________________.
penecillin
Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about _____ make their living as parasites, primarily feeding on plants.
30%
About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals. _________ _________one common yeast infection among aids patients.
candida abicons, some fungus are responsible for allergies and respiratory disease
consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a mass of fungal hyphae.
Lichens
– Many ___________________________
– The fungus ___________________
– The fungal mycelium __________________________
lichen associations are mutualistic.
receives food from its photosynthetic partner.
helps the alga absorb and retain water and minerals.
