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biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 17 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Plants are

A

multicellular, autotrophic, terrestrial eukaryotes

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2
Q

Plants must have important ______________________________ differences than algae to deal with gravity and water loss

A

structural and functional

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3
Q

Plants obtain light and carbon dioxide from the ___, but water and nutrients from the ____.

A

air, soil

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4
Q

plants may possess structures

A

both above and below ground

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5
Q

__________(stems and leaves) and _________.

A

shoots and roots

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6
Q

Plants also have ___________, a chemical that hardens cell walls which helps keep them erect

A

lignin

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7
Q

transports substances between the roots and shoots.

A

vascular tissue

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8
Q

_____________ transports water up from the roots.

A

Xylem

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9
Q

_____________ transports food (sugars) down from the shoot.

A

Phloem

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10
Q

What are the two types of Vascular Tissue

A

Phloem and Xylem

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11
Q

To increase nutrient uptake, many plants have symbiotic associations with bacteria and fungi, such as __________ on their roots. This fungus increases surface area of roots, and takes up more water

A

Mycorrhizae

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12
Q

Photosynthesis is primarily carried out in the ________ __________ located in the leaves of a plant.

A

mesophyll cells

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13
Q

Leaves allow gas exchange, using ____________(openings) to take in CO2 necessary for the calvin cycle to produce glucose

A

stomata

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14
Q

Plants have protective structures called ____________ to produce their gametes.

A

gametangia

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15
Q

After fertilization, the zygote develops inside the _____________________________

A

female plant.

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16
Q

by photosynthetic organisms is thought to have occurred gradually.

A

Colonization of terrestrial environments

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17
Q

Molecular evidence indicates ________________, a group of green algae, as the closest relatives of terrestrial plants.

A

charophytes

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18
Q

The evolutionary history of the plant kingdom shows how successive adaptations allowed plants to become highly successful in

A

diverse terrestrial habitats

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19
Q

Evolutionary Botanists identify four major steps in plant evolution.

A

(1) the origin of plants from the charophytes
– (2) the diversification of vascular plants
– (3) the origin of the seed
– (4) the emergence of angiosperm (flowering plants)

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20
Q

non-vascular plants, they grow in low lying mats. Include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

A

brogphytes

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21
Q

considered to be the 1st vascular plant, however it lacks seeds, and contains spores. Include club mosses & ferns.

A

ferns

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22
Q

(conifers) have a “naked seed” because the seed is not protected by maternal tissue. Include conifers, cycads & ginkos.

A

gymnosperms

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23
Q

flowering plants, flower is a complex reproductive structure that develops seeds inside protective maternal tissues called ovaries.

A

angiosperms

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24
Q

This primitive group includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

A

Bryophytes

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25
Q

Bryophytes have two key adaptations for living on land.

A

A waxy protective surface layer helps prevent
dehydration.
– Embryos develop within the mother’s gametangium, (which keep them protected).

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26
Q

This is a much more ______________________ into the environment susceptible to damage

A

effective strategy than issuing underdeveloped offspring

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27
Q

Mosses have two distinct parts.

A

gametophytes and sporophytes

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28
Q

A __________

produces gametes.

A

gametophyte

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29
Q

A ___________ produces spores

A

sporophyte

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30
Q

The life cycle of a moss shows that chromosome number changes

A

at fertilization

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31
Q

The life cycle of a moss shows that chromosome number changes at fertilization

A

alternation of generations.

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32
Q

In mosses, the main part of the plant is the ________

_____________

A

haploid gametophyte

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33
Q

use spores to reproduce

A

Ferns and club mosses

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34
Q

are through to be dominant during the Carboniferous period, about 290–360 million years ago, prevalent in swampy forests.

A

ferns

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35
Q

These forests formed what would become _________

A

fossil fuels

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36
Q

As the climate cooled, _______________ _were the first seed plants to have evolved.

A

gymnosperms

37
Q

gymnosperms are

A

better suited for a drier, colder climate

38
Q

(pine trees which are gymnosperms) replaced ferns over much of northern Eurasia and North America.

A

conifers

39
Q

They are usually ____________, which retain their leaves throughout the year.

A

annuals, evergreen

40
Q

have three terrestrial adaptations.

A

Conifers and most other gymnosperms

41
Q

The _________________________ and its influence on the overall life cycle.

A

gametophyte reduced in size

42
Q

The evolution of ________ to fertilize an ovule (plant egg)

A

pollen

43
Q

The evolution of the _________, which can now make dispersal and the growth of the new organism more efficient.

A

seed

44
Q

Gametophyte is reduced among more recent derived plants, and _____________ _generation is dominant

A

sporophyte

45
Q

The second terrestrial adaptation of seed plants is

A

the evolution of pollen.

46
Q

A pollen grain

A

– is the much-reduced male gametophyte

–fertilizes the female gametophyte.

47
Q

The entire pine tree is actually a sporophyte because

A

containing tiny gametophytes living in cones.

48
Q

the male gametophyte

A

pollen

49
Q

The female gametophyte

A

Embroytic sac sporophyte

50
Q

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the __________.

A

seed

51
Q

is a fully formed plant embryo with a nutrient starter pack, surrounded by a protective barrier.

A

seed

52
Q

are the most successful and diverse type of plant.

A

angiosperm

53
Q

angiosperm are the most successful type of plant because

A

They have succeeded because of more efficient water transport and the innovation of the flower.
– The flower attracts specific pollinates

54
Q

Angiosperms dominate the

A

plant kingdom in diversity

55
Q

However, the female gametophyte is protected inside ovaries of the __________________.

A

sporophyte flower

56
Q

Like gymnosperms, the dominant stage of the angiosperms is the ____________ (2n), and the male gametophytes (n) are pollen (also as in the gymnosperms)

A

sporophyte

57
Q

The ovary develops into the ___________, which is high in nutrients (contains lots of sugars).

A

fruit

58
Q

Organisms may eat the fruit to

A

obtain nutrients, and in turn disperse seeds without knowing it

59
Q

Not only do plants use animals to disperse their pollen,

A

they also use animals to disperse their fruit

60
Q

mature sporophyte

A

2n Plant

61
Q

Pollen grains are transferred from anther of stamen,

A

to the stigma of the carpel

62
Q

To produce a zygote _________Pollen contains 2 sperm nuclei, and one of these nuclei

A

2n, fertilize the ovule in an ovary

63
Q

 mature sporophyte (2n) plant
 Pollen grains are transferred from anther of stamen, to the stigma
of the carpel
 Pollen contains 2 sperm nuclei, and one of these nuclei fertilize the ovule in an ovary
 This produces a zygote (2n),
 The zygote develops into an embryo, and the other sperm nuclei

A

Life cycle of a flowering Plant

64
Q

A fruit is a seed-bearing ______________ _______________________________________ ____________________________________

A

ovary that provides a plant with additional benefits.

65
Q

Some fruits use ____ _________

A

wind for dispursal

66
Q

Other fruits attach to _______________,

And some are consumed where seeds are left to sprout

A

fur on animal

67
Q

are at the base of most food chains because they decompose and recycle organic materials.

A

fungi

68
Q

Fungi have enzymes which break up ____________.

A

cellulose

69
Q

The greater____________________ the more efficient they can recycle materials leading to greater productivity (e.g., tropical rainforests).

A

the fungal diversity,

70
Q

Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes.

A

Most are multicellular, but some species are unicellular.

71
Q

Fungi are diverse and categorized into

A

5 different groups. Often grouped according to their reproductive structures.

72
Q

flagellated spores

A

Chytrids

73
Q

characteristic protective zygosporangium

for reproduction

A

Zygomycetes:

74
Q

: forms mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plants)

A

Glomeromycetes

75
Q

sac fungi, with asci housing reproductive spores

A

Ascomycetes:

76
Q

club fungi, with spores in a protective structure called basidium.

A

Basidiomycota:

77
Q

The visible structures of macroscopic fungi are called

A

hyphae.

78
Q

Septate hyphae have cells separated by chitin (polysaccharide) barriers called

A

septa

79
Q

Aseptate hyphae are

A

tubelike, without septa.

80
Q

Hyphae can form an interwoven mat called a ______________, which is the feeding structure of fungus.

A

mycelium

81
Q

Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either

A

sexually or asexually

82
Q

Fungi and bacteria are the __________________in ecosystems.

A

principle decomposers

They keep an ecosystem supplied with nutrients.

83
Q

can destroy fruit, wood, and human-made materials.

A

molds

84
Q

Fungi are commercially important.

to make

A

beer, wine, and cheese

85
Q

Some Fungi produce antibiotics as a means of self defense. Penecillium is one example of a fungus which produces the antibiotic ________________.

A

penecillin

86
Q

Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about _____ make their living as parasites, primarily feeding on plants.

A

30%

87
Q

 About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals. _________ _________one common yeast infection among aids patients.

A

candida abicons, some fungus are responsible for allergies and respiratory disease

88
Q

consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a mass of fungal hyphae.

A

Lichens

89
Q

– Many ___________________________
– The fungus ___________________
– The fungal mycelium __________________________

A

lichen associations are mutualistic.
receives food from its photosynthetic partner.
helps the alga absorb and retain water and minerals.

biology 100 (23 decks)

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