Biology 100 Unit 3 Flashcards
one of the most versatile and essential atoms used in the building blocks of cells
Carbon
Molecules which contain carbon are referred to as __________molecules
organic
___________ is the study of carbon compounds
organic chemistry
Carbon can form ______________
4 covelent bonds
Carbon compounds can be ___________ ________ __________
linear, branched, and cyclical
The simplest organic compound is ________ a hydrocarbon
methane
contain only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbon
Larger hydrocarbons
gasoline, fat molecules, energy storage
Functional Groups
molecules that attach to hydrocarbons
Giant molecules used in contructing cells
macromolecules
most macromolecules are constructed by grouping together smaller molecules called
monomers
multiple monomers
polyemer
Monomers are linked through
dehyderation synthesis
the reverse of dehydration synthesis
hydrolosis
What are the four types of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acid
small carbohydrates
sugars
long molecules such as _______ found in potatoes
starch
strong molecules such as ____________ in plants
cellulose
simple sugars composed of a sugar monomer
monosaccharides ex: Glucose, Glactose, Fructose
glucose and fructose have identical molecular formulas but different structures therefore they are
isomers
when disolved in water monosaccharides form a
ring structure and can be broken down for energy in our cells
a double sugar constrcucted of two monosaccharides
disaccharides ex: maltose, fructose, lactose
bond in disaccharides
gylcosidic bond
long chain sugars that are straight or branched
polysaccharides ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose
are long chains of glucose, used in plant cells for energy storage, potatoes and grains are major source of this
starch
long chains of glucose used in animals to store excess sugar it differs from starch by having braches
Glycogen
is a structured molecule in plants, it is the most abundant organic compound on earth, contains long strands of glucose, forms fiber and structural layers in plants
cellulous
cellulous makes plants difficult to digest forcing animals
two chew partially digested food and host bacteria in their digestive tract
water loving, molecules that dissolve in water
hydrophilic
afraid of water, molecules which do not disolve in water
hydrophobic
fats made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
triglycerides
what are the functions of fat
- energy storage-fats provide long term storage that can deliver energy needed
- cushoning- many sensitive parts of the body are cushoned by fat
- insilation- fat layers serve as protection against heat loss
have a double bond between at least two carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon chain
unsaturated fatty acid
-mono and polly
do not contain any double bonds
saturated fatty acids
linear shapes allow for easy stacking, solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
double bonds create kinks making stacking difficult liquid at room temp
unsaturated fatty acids
a modified triglyceride made of a glycerol and 2 non polar fatty acid tails and a polar phosphate head
Phospholipids
are lipids with unique structure and function. made of a carbon skeleton it is bent to form a four fused ring structure
steroid
Ex: cholestrol, testosteron, estrogen
are constructed of different amino acids. They perform the majority of cellular function
protein
how many amino acids
20
each amino acid is made of
- amino group
- carboxyl group
- side chain
the bond between the carbon atom and the nitrogen is called a
peptide bond
when proteins lose their shape and function the process is called ________ occures in high temp and PH
denaturation
what is the primary structure of proteins
linear sequence of amino acids
what is the secondary structure of proteins
folding of primary structure reinforced by H-bonds
ex: Alpha helix, beta pleta sheet
what is the tertiary structure of proteins
3 dementional shape
What is the quaternary structure of proteins
multiple tertiary proteins combined
store information to make proteins
nucleic acids
what are the three types of nucleic acid molecules
DNA
RNA
ATR
Nucleic acid is made from
nucleotides ‘building blocks”
nucleotide=
phosphate+ Sugar+ nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA are made of
nucleotides that are strung together
- Double Stranded
- Uses deoxyribose
- bases AT and GC
- in Ukaryot nucleous
- prokariot nucleoid
DNA
-Single stranded
Uses Ribose
-bases AU and GC
RNA
