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biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 19 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 19 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Biologists have developed hypotheses for the evolution of chordate groups using

A

anatomical
molecular evidence
fossil evidence

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2
Q

Hagfishes and lampreys.

A

– have a notochord, but
– lack hinged jaws and paired fins.
– These are fish used to establish a lineage of other fish with heads

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3
Q

quickly diversified using their paired fins and tail to chase a wide variety of prey.

A

Jawed vertebrates:

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4
Q

Jaws may have evolved by modifications of skeletal supports of the _____________________________.

A

anterior pharyngeal (gill) slits

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5
Q

The remaining gill slits remained as sites of _______

______________.

A

gas exchange

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6
Q

What are the 3 lineages of jawed fishes with gills

A
  • chondrichthyan
  • ray-fined fishes
  • lobe-finned fishes
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7
Q

examples of chondrichthyans

A

sharks and rays

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8
Q

examples of ray-finned fishes

A

tuna, trout, and goldfish

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9
Q

examples of lobe-finned fishes

A

coelacanths and lungfish

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10
Q

Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include

A

sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes

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11
Q

sharks and rays are an example of

A

Chondrichthyans

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12
Q

Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of _______,

A

cartilage

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13
Q

Chondrichthyans have a ______________________ which contains sensory organs helping these organisms sense a change is temperature or water pressure.

A

lateral line system

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14
Q

Chondrichthyans have ________________ on their heads,

A

electrosensors

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15
Q

trout, tuna, goldfish, etc. are examples of

A

Ray-finned fishes

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16
Q

Ray-finned fishes have an internal skeleton reinforced with a hard matrix of
___________________, flattened scales covered with mucus,

A

calcium phosphate

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17
Q

Ray-finned fishes have an ______________ that covers a chamber of gills, and a a buoyant ____________

A

operculum, swim bladder

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18
Q

_________________ with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes

A

Jawed vertebrates

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19
Q

Lobe-finnedfish: ____________________________ __________ that are supported by rod-shaped bones.

A

have muscular pelvice and pectoral fins

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20
Q

living deep in the oceans, were once

thought to be extinct,

A

coelacanths

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21
Q

which can gulp air into lungs, inhabit stagnant waters in the Southern Hemisphere, and

A

lungfishes

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22
Q

, adapted to life on land, include terrestrial vertebrates.

A

tetrapods

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23
Q

Tetrapods are _________________________________ ______________________________.

A

jawed vertibates with limbs and feet that can support wight on land

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24
Q

Tetrapods are considered to have evolved from a lineage of

A

lobe-finned fish.

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25
Q

_____________________________ in vertebrate history, and all subsequent groups are considered descendants of these early land-dwellers.

A

Adapting to life on land was a key event

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26
Q

Like plants, vertebrates faced _____________________

A 
obsticles on land 
– gas exchange,
– water conservation,
– structuralsupport,
– a means of locomotion,
– adapting sensory organs that worked well in water but not
on land, and
– reproduction.
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27
Q

Amphibians are____________________—vertebrates with two pairs of limbs

A

tetrapods

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28
Q

salamanders, frogs, and caecilians,

A

Amphibians

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29
Q

Amphibians

A

– use their moist skins to supplement their lungs for gas
exchange,
– often have poison glands in their skins,
– usually return to standing water to reproduce,
– undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to the adult
–Were the first tetrapod to move on land

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30
Q

–Were the first tetrapod to move on land

A

Amphibians

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31
Q

are amniotes—tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

A

reptiles

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32
Q

Reptiles (including birds) and mammals are ____________

A

.amniotes

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33
Q

The major derived character of this clade is an amniotic egg with four internal membranes.

A

The amnion is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo.
2. The yolk sac contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo.
3. The allantois also helps dispose of metabolic waste
4. The chorion (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain
oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.

34
Q

is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo.

A

amnion

35
Q

contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo

A

yolk sac

36
Q

also helps dispose of metabolic waste

A

allantois

37
Q

(and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain

oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.

A

chorion

38
Q

lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs, are examples of

A

Reptiles

39
Q

Reptiles have a skin covered with scales and waterproofed with

A

keratin

40
Q

Reptiles use there __________ to obtain oxogen

A

lungs

41
Q

reptiles are ____________ absorbing external heat rather than generating much of their own.

A

ectothermic,

42
Q

Most birds can fly, and nearly every part of their bodies reflects features that enhance flight.

A

– The forelimbs have been remodeled as feather-covered wings that act as airfoils.
– Large flight muscles anchored to a central ridge along the breastbone provide power.

43
Q

Many features help reduce weight for flight:

A

Present-day birds lack teeth.
– The tail is supported by only a few small vertebrae.
– Feathers have hollow shafts.
– Their bones have a honecomb structure that makes them strong but light

44
Q

are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight

A

Birds

45
Q

Flight is very costly, and present-day birds have a high rate of

A

metabolism

46
Q

Unlike reptiles, birds are ______________(warm-blooded), using heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

A

endothermic

47
Q

Birds have relatively large brains and display complex behaviors. They have

A

– acute senses,

– fine muscle control, and – excellent eyesight.

48
Q

Birds are considered to have evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called ______________.

A

therapods

49
Q

__________________ is the oldest, most primitive known bird (150 million years old), with feathered wings.

A

archaepotenyx

50
Q

are amniotes that have hair and produce milk

A

mammals

51
Q

Mammals are endothermic amniotes with
– ________, which insulates their bodies, and
– ______________________, which produce milk.

A

hair, mamary glands

52
Q

Mammals have______________________________ that support their high rate of metabolism

A

efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

53
Q

are differentiated for many kinds of diets.

A

Mammalian teeth

54
Q

Monotremes are ____________________________. Living monotremes include

A

egg laying mamels

ex: – the duck-billed platypus and echidnas.

55
Q

Unlike monotremes, the embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by a________________________ in which nutrients from the mother’s blood diffuse into the embryo’s blood.

A

placenta,

56
Q

have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to the mother’s nipples.

A

marsupial

57
Q

are mammals that bear fully developed live young. They are commonly called placential mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials.

A

Eutherians

58
Q

includes the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

A

The mammalian order Primates

59
Q

Primates probably arose as small arboreal mammals before ___________________, when dinosaurs still dominated the planet.

A

65 million years ago

60
Q

these are an example of: ______________
– Shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and brachiation.
– Grasping hands and feet are highly mobile and flexible.
– Sensitive hands and feet aid in manipulation.
– A short snout and forward-pointing eyes enhance depth perception.

A

Many primate characters are arboreal adaptations.

61
Q

A phylogenetic tree shows that all primates are divided into three groups:

A
  1. lemurs, lorises, and pottos,
  2. tarsiers,
  3. anthropodes including monkeys and apes with a fully opposible thumbs in which the tip of all four fingers can touch the thumb.
62
Q

Monkeys are characterized as either

A

2 groups

63
Q

lack a prehensile tail, and

– have nostrils that open downward.

A

old world monkeys

64
Q

have a prehensile tail and

– nostrils that are wide open and farther apart.

A

new world monkeys

65
Q

In addition to monkeys, the anthropoid group includes ____________ gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees (and bonobos), and humans.

A

apes:

66
Q

lack a tail and
– have relatively long arms and short legs,
– have relatively larger brains with respect to size.

A

apes

67
Q

Gibbons are monogamous and the only fully _____________.

A

arboreal apes

68
Q

are shy, solitary, and live in rain-forest trees and

the forest floor.

A

Orangutans

69
Q

Gorillas are the largest of the apes and _______________.

A

fully terestrial

70
Q

make and use tools.

A

Chimpanzees

71
Q

is the study of human origins and evolution, the brief history since the divergence of human and chimpanzee lineages.

A

Paleoanthropology

72
Q

Paleo anthropologists have identified about 20 species of extinct _____________, which are considered a species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees.

A

hominins

73
Q

Although humans and chimpanzees are similar in many respects, they also differ in that humans ______ ___________________________.

A

walk upright and have larger brains

74
Q

the location of what dictates the posture of an organism

A

pheraminmagnum

75
Q

are features used to identify the evolution of hominins

A

Brain size and Bipedalism

76
Q

_________________ is considered to have evolved millions of years before larger brain size. Evidence of _________________ includes morphology, fossils, & fossilized footprints.

A

Bipedalism

77
Q

had such small brains (400–450 cc) that they were too

small to be members of Homo.

A

Australopiths (means handy man)

78
Q

had a brain size of 510–690 cc. Their fossils are found

with stone tools

A

Homo habilis (handy man)

79
Q

had a brain size ranging from 750 to 850 cc. Fossils are found with more sophisticated stone tools and long, slender legs for extensive walking

A

Homo ergaster & Homo erectus (upright man)

80
Q

considered to have lived up to 28,000 years ago. They had brains as large as modern humans, and multiple tools hunted large animals

A

Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man)

81
Q

has a brain size of around 1,300 cc.

A

homo sapiens

82
Q

Analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosomes suggests that all living humans

A

inherited their mtDNA from a woman who lived 160,000–200,000 years ago.

biology 100 (23 decks)

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