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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 8 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Cell Reproduction accomplish

A
  • reproduction

- cellular replacement or division

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2
Q

the biological creation of a new generation, occurs primarily at the cellular level

A

Reproduction

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3
Q

Cell division is critical for the replacement of ___________

A

aging or lost cells

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4
Q

Cell division is called ___________

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A
  • asexual

- sexual

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6
Q

During asexual reproduction there is no ___________________________________

A

exchange of genetic material

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7
Q

Organisms asexually reproduces by _________________________________

A

making an exact copy of itself

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8
Q

Most prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually reproduce by the process called _____________________

A

binary fission

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9
Q

During ________________________, two organisms exchange genetic material to produce a new generation of organisms that is similar

A

sexual production

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10
Q

The exchange of genetic material to produce a new generation is accomplished by _______________ such as ______________ or _______________

A

fertilization: egg, sperm or direct DNA

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11
Q

Sex cells

A

gametes

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12
Q

to achieve fertilization, gametes are produced by ___________ and _______________________

A

gonads and they must be fused

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13
Q

Each cell contains ________ of the genetic information that makes up an organism

A

all

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14
Q

The molecular formation of all the genetic information that makes up an organism

A

genome

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15
Q

Most of the genome is located in the

A

nucleus of prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

What are the two primary functions of cells?

A
  • conduct metobolic activity

- divide to create more cells

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17
Q

The metabolic phase of a cell is called

A

interphase

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18
Q

The reproductive phase is called

A

mitotic phase

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19
Q

Gap phase, Metabolic activity and synthesis of enzymes

A

G1

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20
Q

DNA synthesis, all chromosomes are duplicated

A

S phase

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21
Q

Mitotic phase, chromosomes divide and cell division occurs

A

M phase

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22
Q

last stage before mitosis, production of microtubules important for cellular division

A

G2

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23
Q

Chromosomes are assembled from DNA strands plus several ________ proteins

A

histone

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24
Q

chromosomes assembly from histone proteins is called

A

chromotin

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25
Q

Chromosomes are unwound during what phase

A

interphase

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26
Q

When DNA needs to be replicated the Chromosomes are

A

tightly wound

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27
Q

DNA is _________ and __________ inorder that is could fit in the ____________

A

coiled, folded, nucleus

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28
Q

Charge of a chromosome:
Protein:
DNA:

A

Protein: +
DNA: -

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29
Q

To prepare for mitosis all genetic material is

A

replicated

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30
Q

The two resulting copies of DNA are

A

sister chromatids

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31
Q

During mitosis, the sister chromatids are seperated and destributed to

A

different daughter cells

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32
Q

the steps leading up to a cell division are collectively know as

A

mitosis

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33
Q

spindal fibers

A

centriols

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34
Q

structures centriols attach to

A

kintochores

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35
Q

the chromosomes are first moved to the middle of the cell by

A

mitotic spindles

36
Q

seperates the chromosomes into two identical sets and move them to polar ends of the dividing cell

A

spindle fibers

37
Q

spindle fibers formed by the cell’s centriols attach to the chromosomes at structures called kinetochores and guide the chromosomes into position

A

mitosis

38
Q

the final step in cell formation

A

cytokinesis

39
Q

cytokinesis typically coincides with

A

telaphase

40
Q

During _________ the cytoplasm is split up as the new cells are completed

A

cytokinesis

41
Q

In animals cytokinesis occurs by__________. This process _________ cells apart

A

clevage pinches

42
Q

In plants, vesicles with cell wall material accumulate at the

A

cell midline

43
Q

These vasicles form a

A

membranous cell plate

44
Q

operates as a control device for cell development and growth

A

cell cycle

45
Q

cancer causing agents or genetic agents may interrupt or change the timing of the cell cycle

A

carcinogens

46
Q

when cells reproduce at the wrong place and time it causes

A

tumor growth

47
Q

is a mass of defective cells that remain cohesive in its place of origin

A

benign tumor

48
Q

is a spreading tumor whose cells may spread to other places of the body

A

malignant

49
Q

may divide and spread to other parts of the body rapidly

A

cancer cells

50
Q

is the spread of cancer to other places

A

metastasis

51
Q

Cancerous cells originated from our own cells are often

A

difficult to identify

52
Q

What are the 3 treatments for Cancer

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherpy
53
Q

removes tumor tissue

A

Surgery

54
Q

disrupts cell division of fast dividing cancer cells

A

Radiation

55
Q

uses drugs that disrupts cell division of fast dividing cancer cells

A

Chemotheropy

56
Q

The fundemental purpose of Sex is

A

reproduction

57
Q

_____________ is the cellular process that prepares reproductive cells

A

Meiosis

58
Q

occurs when Male and Female reproductive cell fuse

A

fertilization

59
Q

_______________ are unique to each species

A

Chromosomal Characteristics

60
Q

Most of the cells in an organism are ___________

A

diploid

61
Q

having two sets of Chromosomes

A

diploid

62
Q

diploid cells are called

A

somatic cells

63
Q

In humans, somatic cells have __________ chromosomes and are denotes as __________

A

46, 2n

64
Q

Reproductive cells, such as gametes only have n=23 chromosomes are

A

haploid

65
Q

are an order of chromosome pairs used to determine chromosome number and characteristics

A

karotype

66
Q

Matching chromosome pairs are called

A

homologous chromosomes

67
Q

Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes that are of the same size and basic composition and they are called

A

autosomes

68
Q

The ___________ chromosome pair is different in men and women

A

23rd

69
Q

The 23rd chromosomes are referred to as

A

the sex chromosomes

70
Q

Men: ________ chromosomes
Women: _______ chromosomes

A

XY, XX

71
Q

the sequence of events that leads from one generation to the next referred to as the

A

life cycle

72
Q

meiosis produces haploid gametes they fuse to form _____________________

A

diploid zygote

73
Q

undergoes mitosis

A

diploid zygote

74
Q

The steps of meiosis

A

1st: each chromosome is duplicated
 2nd: the 1st cell division occurs (meiosis I) segregating two chromosomes of a homologous pair into two haploid daughter cells (each chromosome has two sister chromatids)
 3rd: Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells (each chromosome with only 1 sister chromatid)

75
Q

the life cycle involves an alternation of _________________________________________

A

the haploid and diploid stages

76
Q

during meiosis diploid organisms produce

A

haploid gamates

77
Q

exchanges genetic information, allowing variation

A

meisos not mitosis

78
Q

homologous chromosomes seperate

A

Meiosis I

79
Q

sister chromatids separate

A

Meiosis II

80
Q

during __________ the paired homologous chromosomes may physically overlap, chromosomal pieces can be exchanged

A

propase I

81
Q

there are __________________ cells released by a male during ejaculation

A

millions of sperm cells

82
Q

cell division errors can change the ____________ physical characteristics

A

phenotypes

83
Q

the process leading to an extra chromosome is called

A

nondisjunction

84
Q

what is the result nondisjuncton

A

the egg has an extra chomosomes

85
Q

an example of nondisjuncton is

A

down syndrome

86
Q

down syndrome is a genetic disorder called ________________ where those affected have an extra chromosome 21

A

trisomy 21

87
Q

as the mother reaches the end of her reproductive years

A

her changes of down syndrome increase

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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