Biology 100 Unit 5 Flashcards
Energy is defined as
the capacity to do work
All organisms require _________ as a part of their _________ to stay alive
energy; metabolism
Energy is obtain either through __________ or ________________
photosynthesis; ingested food
Energy can be neither ___________ nor _____________
created; destroyed
Energy in motion is called
kinetic energy
an example of kinetic energy. The random movement of molecules.
Heat
Stored energy
potential energy
is an example of potential energy, food storage in chemical bonds of molecules
chemical energy
What does the first law of Thermodynamics say
“neither matter nor energy can be created or destroyed but it can be transferred and transformed.”
Glucose being broken down from one form to another is an example of
the first law of thermodynamics
What does the second law of thermodynamics say
“energy is not 100% efficient”
Energy has a tendancy to head toward a state of
more entropy
entropy is
disorder
Some energy is always lost as
heat
The following reaction is a reaction found in ________________ :
octane(gas) + O2-> CO2+H2O+ENERGY
automobiles
the energy conversion process in cells is called
cellular respiration
ATP is
adenosine triphosphate
ATP consists of
adenosine and three phosphate groups
ATP is broken down into
ADP
this is the chemical reaction for _________:
ATP-> ADP +energy
ATP broken down into ADP
ATP can energize other molecules by transferring
phosphate groups
The phosphate groups from ATP can be used in
chemical reactions, mechanical work, and transport
What is the phosphate transfer chemical reaction for the ATP’S USE OF ENERGY
ATP-> Energy+ADP+P
What is the phosphate transfer chemical reaction for ATP’s storage of ENERGY
ADP+Energy+P-> ATP
the sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism
metabolism
are proteins that facilitate cellular reactions
enzymes
What 2 things do enzymes do
- trigger reactions to occur
- turn of existing reactions
All chemical reactions involve
energy transfer
energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
activation energy
enzymes low activation energy allows ___________________________________
reactions to occur more readily
enzymes are referred to as _____________ because of enzymes lower _______________
catalysts, lower activation energy
What are enzyme activities influenced by (4)
- temperature
- salt concentration
- PH
- Concentration
denatures enzymes by altering 3D shape
(high) temperature
ions can interfere with active site
salt concentration
can change the 3D shape or interfere with active site
PH
the ______ of enzyme or substrate
concentration
Enzymes are _______________ _________ which react with certain molecules called ______________
active site, substrate
the conformational change that enzymes undergo after interacting with the substrate, which makes the active site and the site of the enzyme and substrate even tighter and the interaction more efficient.
induced fit
Enzymes are not _________ rather they are ________ meaning they are used multiple time
consumed; recycled
each enzyme interacts with a specific
substrate
-ace ending indicates a
enzyme
Lactace->
Sucrace->
Lactose
Sucrose
Enzyme inhibitors
- prevent reactions from taking place
- permanently fill the active site instead of the substraite preventing certain reactions from occuring
permanently fill the active site instead of the substraite prevents
certain reactions from occuring
other inhibitors many interact with a different part of enzyme
causing the active site to change shape
some antibiotico and drugs act as inhibitors with
prevent bacteria enzymes from fuctioning properly
calls can regulate the import and export of chemicals used in chemical reactions by way of the
plasma membrain
____________ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
plasma membrane
the unique characteristics of the plasma membrane makes it ___________________________ enabling some molecules to freely pass where as others enter only via protein channels
selectively permiable
random movement of molecules
diffusion
molecules move from __________ concetration to ____________ concentration
high to low
cells have membrane transport mechanisms which many facilitate _____________ molecules in or out of cell
diffusion
Some molecules may pass freely through the plasma membrane while others need assistance through
proteins imbedded in the plasma membrane
no energy is needed molecolecules travel across a membrane from high concentration to low
passive transport “diffusion”
specific transport proteins are selective in which molecules may pass into cells (no energy required)
facilitated diffusion
cells use energy to move molecules from low concentration to high concentration
active transport
active transport uses _________________ or _____ to move molecules across the membrane from low to high concentration
energy or ATP
solutions with equal solute concentrations as solution outside of it
isotonic
solution with a lower concentration of solutes of solution outside of it
hyotonic
solution with a higher concentration of solutes of solution outside of it
hypertonic
is water passively moving across a selectively permiable membrane to equalize concentration
osmosis
when cells have different concetrations than their enviroment it results in
water loss or water gain
solutes usually do not enter or exit the cell rather
the concentration of water inside or outside the cell may change
the control of water balance in cells
osmoregulation
during ____________ large molecules are transferred by vesicles outside the cell.
exocytis
The plasma membrane forms substance around substances moving then in vesicles which are brought into the cell
endocytosis
a cell engulfs large food particles or entire organisms
phogocytosis
a cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles
pinocytosis
external molecules bind to a specific protein on the plasma membrane then are brought into the cell
receptor mediated endocytosis
_______ are also involved in cellular communication by binding signal molecules
receptors
when an extracellular signal molecule is bound to a cell
surface proteins may change shape of protein
extracellular signal molecules ______________
pass signals to the inside of the cell
when extracellular signal molecules pass signals to the inside of the cell it is called
transduction pathway
in ATP what is the charge of the Phosphate
negative
