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Year2 MSK exam 1 > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

functions of liver

A

maintain blood glucose
synthesize ketones from Acetyl CoA when switch to lipolysis
synthesize fatty acids, convert to TGs and release as VLDLs

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2
Q

requirements for liver

A

absorptive state: glucsoe and aa for energy

post-absorptive state: lactate, glycerol and aa for gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

functions of adipose tissue

A

take up fatty acids and convert to TG for long term storage

release FA into circulation

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4
Q

requirements for adipose tissue

A

glucose to produce glycerol phosphate for esterification of fatty acids
switch to fatty acids during post-absorptive

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5
Q

functions resting skel mm

A

release aa into blood

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6
Q

requirements for resting skel mm

A

absorptive state: glucose for oxidation and glycogen stores, aa for protein synthesis
post absorptive: fatty acids and ketones for energy

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7
Q

metabolism in fast twitch active skel mm

A

anaerobic glycolysis from glycogen

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8
Q

metabolism in slow twitch active skel mm

A

oxidative metabolism of glycogen

after several hours, switch to lipolysis

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9
Q

muscle contraction activates what metabolic pathway

A

TCA cycle
increase in Ca
increase in ADP
decrease in NADH and NAD+

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10
Q

what occurs in high intensity exercise

A

need for ATP exceeds mitochondrias capacity for oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

an increased NADH/NAD+ ratio directs what pathway

A

pyruvate into lactate

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12
Q

at intracellular pH what does lactic acid dissociate into

A

lactate and H+

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13
Q

decrease in pH causes what systemically

A

pain and fatigue

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14
Q

what is generated in low intesnsity exercise

A

glucose to CO2

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15
Q

increase in ADP stimulates what

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

ETC to form NAD+ and FAD

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16
Q

decrease in NADH stimulates what

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

increase Ca concentraiton causes what

A

stimualtes isocitrate dehydrogenase

stimulates alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

18
Q

what happens when NADH/NAD ratio increases

A

citrate inhibits acetyl CoA entering TCA cycle

NAD+ is allowed to increase

19
Q

what is rate limiting in aerobic metabolism

A

O2, the final electron acceptor

20
Q

What TCA enzyme is in inner mitochondrial membrane and transfers electrons directly to CoQ within ETC

A

succinate dehydrogenase

21
Q

what is the vitamin precursor of FAD

A

riboflavin

22
Q

what is the vitamin precursor of NAD+

A

niacin

23
Q

what is the vitamin precursor of CoA

A

pantothenate

24
Q

increased transcription in myocytes leads to adaptive changes where

A

TCA cycle enzymes: increased #, decreased lactate production from pyruvate
ETC components: increased #
mitochondria: increased # size and productivity

25
Q

increased vasodilatory capacity and lymphatic drainage from exercise can cause what metabolic changes

A

increased metabolites and decreased lactate

26
Q

what will be increased in starvation

A

glucagon and epinephrine

27
Q

what is main mech for metabolism in starvation

A

lipolysis to save proteins for essential functions

ACetyl CoA produced and converted to ketones

28
Q

what does a muscle use for E in starvation

A

fatty acids

29
Q

the brain uses what for E in starvation

A

ketones and glucose

30
Q

what do RBCs use for E in starvation

A

glucose

31
Q

when does amrnorrhea develop in response to dec body weight

A

when fat content is below 22% of normal

from reduced LH and FSH production

32
Q

when does death by starvation occur

A

when 40% ideal body weight lost
30-50% body protein lost
70-95% body fat stores are lost

33
Q

what decreases in starvation

A

depletion of muscly glycogen stores
depletion of adipose tissue TG
depletion blood glucose from liver glycogen

34
Q

Sx vitamin deficiency

A

fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite

muscle pain from glycolysis as primary source of pain

35
Q

what causes muscle pain in anorexic patient

A

glycolysis

36
Q

whhat is riboflavin

A

vitamin precursor of FAD and FMN

major coenzyme in all tissues

37
Q

niacin is a precursor to what

A

NAD+

38
Q

niacin can be synthesized from what

A

tryptophan

39
Q

what is required for alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

thiamine

40
Q

what is a precursor to CoA

A

pantothenate

41
Q

what are Fe-S centers

A

in ETC, non-heme iron proteins that are affected by Fe deficiency anemia

42
Q

what causes fatigue in iron deficiency anemia

A

the loss of Fe-S centers in ETC

Year2 MSK exam 1 (26 decks)

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