Biochem

Question 1

functions of liver

Answer 1

maintain blood glucose
synthesize ketones from Acetyl CoA when switch to lipolysis
synthesize fatty acids, convert to TGs and release as VLDLs

Question 2

requirements for liver

Answer 2

absorptive state: glucsoe and aa for energy

post-absorptive state: lactate, glycerol and aa for gluconeogenesis

Question 3

functions of adipose tissue

Answer 3

take up fatty acids and convert to TG for long term storage

release FA into circulation

Question 4

requirements for adipose tissue

Answer 4

glucose to produce glycerol phosphate for esterification of fatty acids
switch to fatty acids during post-absorptive

Question 5

functions resting skel mm

Answer 5

release aa into blood

Question 6

requirements for resting skel mm

Answer 6

absorptive state: glucose for oxidation and glycogen stores, aa for protein synthesis
post absorptive: fatty acids and ketones for energy

Question 7

metabolism in fast twitch active skel mm

Answer 7

anaerobic glycolysis from glycogen

Question 8

metabolism in slow twitch active skel mm

Answer 8

oxidative metabolism of glycogen

after several hours, switch to lipolysis

Question 9

muscle contraction activates what metabolic pathway

Answer 9

TCA cycle
increase in Ca
increase in ADP
decrease in NADH and NAD+

Question 10

what occurs in high intensity exercise

Answer 10

need for ATP exceeds mitochondrias capacity for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

an increased NADH/NAD+ ratio directs what pathway

Answer 11

pyruvate into lactate

Question 12

at intracellular pH what does lactic acid dissociate into

Answer 12

lactate and H+

Question 13

decrease in pH causes what systemically

Answer 13

pain and fatigue

Question 14

what is generated in low intesnsity exercise

Answer 14

glucose to CO2

Question 15

increase in ADP stimulates what

Answer 15

isocitrate dehydrogenase

ETC to form NAD+ and FAD

Question 16

decrease in NADH stimulates what

Answer 16

isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase

Question 17

increase Ca concentraiton causes what

Answer 17

stimualtes isocitrate dehydrogenase

stimulates alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 18

what happens when NADH/NAD ratio increases

Answer 18

citrate inhibits acetyl CoA entering TCA cycle

NAD+ is allowed to increase

Question 19

what is rate limiting in aerobic metabolism

Answer 19

O2, the final electron acceptor

Question 20

What TCA enzyme is in inner mitochondrial membrane and transfers electrons directly to CoQ within ETC

Answer 20

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 21

what is the vitamin precursor of FAD

Answer 21

riboflavin

Question 22

what is the vitamin precursor of NAD+

Answer 22

niacin

Question 23

what is the vitamin precursor of CoA

Answer 23

pantothenate

Question 24

increased transcription in myocytes leads to adaptive changes where

Answer 24

TCA cycle enzymes: increased #, decreased lactate production from pyruvate
ETC components: increased #
mitochondria: increased # size and productivity

Question 25

increased vasodilatory capacity and lymphatic drainage from exercise can cause what metabolic changes

Answer 25

increased metabolites and decreased lactate

Question 26

what will be increased in starvation

Answer 26

glucagon and epinephrine

Question 27

what is main mech for metabolism in starvation

Answer 27

lipolysis to save proteins for essential functions | ACetyl CoA produced and converted to ketones

Question 28

what does a muscle use for E in starvation

Answer 28

fatty acids

Question 29

the brain uses what for E in starvation

Answer 29

ketones and glucose

Question 30

what do RBCs use for E in starvation

Answer 30

glucose

Question 31

when does amrnorrhea develop in response to dec body weight

Answer 31

when fat content is below 22% of normal | from reduced LH and FSH production

Question 32

when does death by starvation occur

Answer 32

when 40% ideal body weight lost 30-50% body protein lost 70-95% body fat stores are lost

Question 33

what decreases in starvation

Answer 33

depletion of muscly glycogen stores depletion of adipose tissue TG depletion blood glucose from liver glycogen

Question 34

Sx vitamin deficiency

Answer 34

fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite | muscle pain from glycolysis as primary source of pain

Question 35

what causes muscle pain in anorexic patient

Answer 35

glycolysis

Question 36

whhat is riboflavin

Answer 36

vitamin precursor of FAD and FMN | major coenzyme in all tissues

Question 37

niacin is a precursor to what

Answer 37

NAD+

Question 38

niacin can be synthesized from what

Answer 38

tryptophan

Question 39

what is required for alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Answer 39

thiamine

Question 40

what is a precursor to CoA

Answer 40

pantothenate

Question 41

what are Fe-S centers

Answer 41

in ETC, non-heme iron proteins that are affected by Fe deficiency anemia

Question 42

what causes fatigue in iron deficiency anemia

Answer 42

the loss of Fe-S centers in ETC