Behavioral Science - Development Flashcards

1
Q

Apgar score

A
  • Assessment of newborn vital signs following labor via a 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes.
  • **Apgar score is based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration **
    • ≥ 7 = good
    • 4–6 = assist and stimulate
    • < 4 = resuscitate
  • If Apgar score remains < 4 at later time points, there is increased risk that the child will develop long-term neurological damage.
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2
Q

Low birth weight

  • Definition
  • Caused by…
  • Associations
  • Complications
A
  • Definition
    • Defined as < 2500 g.
  • Caused by…
    • Prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
  • Associations
    • Associated with increased risk of SIDS, and with increased overall mortality.
    • Other problems include impaired thermoregulation and immune function, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and impaired neurocognitive/emotional development.
  • Complications
    • Infections, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and persistent fetal circulation.
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3
Q

Early developmental milestones

A
  • Milestone dates are ranges that have been approximated and vary by source.
  • Children not meeting milestones may need assessment for potential developmental delay.
  • Mnemonic
    • Infant: Parents Start Observing
    • Toddler: Child Rearing Working
    • Preschool: Don’t **Forget they’re still Learning**
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4
Q

Early developmental milestones:
Infant (0-12 mo)

  • Motor
  • Social
  • Verbal/Cognitive
A
  • Motor: Parents
    • Primitive reflexes disappear— Moro (by 3 mo), rooting (by 4 mo), palmar (by 6 mo), Babinski (by 12 mo)
    • Posture—lifts head up prone (by 1 mo), rolls and sits (by 6 mo), crawls (by 8 mo), stands (by 10 mo), walks (by 12–18 mo)
    • Picks—passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo), Pincer grasp (by 10 mo)
    • Points to objects (by 12 mo)
  • Social: Start
    • Social smile (by 2 mo)
    • Stranger anxiety (by 6 mo)
    • Separation anxiety (by 9 mo)
  • Verbal/Cognitive: Observing
    • Orients—first to voice (by 4 mo), then to name and gestures (by 9 mo)
    • Object permanence (by 9 mo)
    • Oratory—says “mama” and “dada” (by 10 mo)
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5
Q

Early developmental milestones:
Toddler (12-36 mo)

  • Motor
  • Social
  • Verbal/Cognitive
A
  • Motor: Child
    • Climbs stairs (by 18 mo)
    • Cubes stacked—number = age (yr) × 3
    • Cultured—feeds self with fork and spoon (by 20 mo)
    • Kicks ball (by 24 mo)
  • Social: Rearing
    • Recreation—parallel play (by 12 mo)
    • Rapprochement—moves away from and returns to mother (by 24 mo)
    • Realization—core gender identity formed (by 36 mo)
  • Verbal/Cognitive: Working
    • Words—200 words by age 2, 2-word sentences
      • 2 zeroes
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6
Q

Early developmental milestones:
Preschool (3-5 yr)

  • Motor
  • Social
  • Verbal/Cognitive
A
  • Motor: Don’t
    • Drive—tricycle (3 wheels at 3 yr)
    • Drawings—copies line or circle, stick figure (by 4 yr)
    • Dexterity—hops on one foot (by 4 yr), uses buttons or zippers, grooms self (by 5 yr)
  • Social: Forget, they’re still
    • Freedom—comfortably spends part of day away from mother (by 3 yr)
    • Friends—cooperative play, has imaginary friends (by 4 yr)
  • Verbal/Cognitive: Learning!
    • Language—1000 words by age 3, uses complete sentences and prepositions (by 4 yr)
      • 3 zeroes
    • Legends—can tell detailed stories (by 4 yr)
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7
Q

Changes in the elderly

  • Sexual changes
  • Sleep patterns
  • Psychological
  • Organ systems
  • Presbycusis
A
  • Sexual changes
    • Men—slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period
    • ƒƒWomen—vaginal shortening, thinning, and dryness
    • Sexual interest does not decrease
  • Sleep patterns
    • Decrease REM and slow-wave sleep
    • Increase sleep onset latency
    • Increase early awakenings
  • Psychological
    • Increase suicide rate (particularly white men > 85 years old)
    • Intelligence does not decrease
  • Organ systems
    • Decrease vision, hearing, immune response, bladder control
    • Decrease renal, pulmonary, GI function
    • Decrease muscle mass, increase fat
  • Presbycusis
    • High-frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base
    • Preserved low-frequency hearing at apex
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8
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: <1 YR

A
  1. Congenital malformations
  2. Preterm birth
  3. SIDS
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9
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 1-14 YR

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Cancer
  3. Homicide
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10
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 15-24 YR

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Homicide
  3. Suicide
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11
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 25-34 YR

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Suicide
  3. Homicide
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12
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 35-44 YR

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Cancer
  3. Heart disease
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13
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 45-64 YR

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Heart disease
  3. Unintentional injury
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14
Q

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 65+ YR

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Chronic respiratory
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