Behavioral science 8.1–3 Flashcards
Social facilitation
Performance of different tasks based on the fact that they are around others. Yerkes-Dodson Law : simple tasks become much easier to do under higher arousal levels, but complex tasks have a sweet spot in the middle of arousal levels
Deindividuation
Individual behavior becomes very different social environments because of anonymity and loss of individual identity
Bystander effect
People do not intervene to help victims when others are present. People are less likely to know that someone in need when there are more people around, and will likely help out more often in higher levels of danger.
Group cohesiveness also affects likelihood of response
Social loafing
The tendency to put in less effort when in a group setting.
Peer pressure
When like individuals pressure you into a new idea we’re action
Identity shift effect
And individual conforms to new norms because of a threat to disruption of harmony
Cognitive dissonance
The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions. This is uncomfortable and typically leads to an identity shift to the opinion excepted by society or the group
Social interaction
How individuals can shape each other’s behaviors
Group polarization
In group discussion decisions become more extreme and polarized to one side
Risky shift
The theory that ideas become more extreme in a group setting
Choice shift
Not necessarily polarization, but the change of the group behavior as a whole
Massive Steria
Shared intense concerns about threats to society
Culture
Defined as beliefs, behaviors, action, and characteristics of a group
Culture shock
Dramatic change in culture when traveling outside of one’s own group
Assimilation
The blending and mixing of cultures to become one new culture. Or the dominance of one culture to overcome another
Ethnic enclaves
High concentrations of one specific ethnicity (Chinatown)
Multiculturalism
Communities or societies with many cultures. Cultures are not mixed or blended rather respected.
Subcultures
Groups within a culture that are more unique. Includes counterculture - Cultures at odds with the majority culture
Socialization
Developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.
Cultural transmission versus cultural diffusion
Transmission (method) is the manner in which society socializes, and diffusion (action) is the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs
Primary socialization
Cultural norms learned vibes serving parents and adults
Secondary socialization
Societal norms that are learned within smaller sections of society. Taught versus observed
Anticipatory socialization
The preparation for future changes in one’s community
Resocialization
Process of discarding old behaviors in favor of new ones to fit into society
Norms, Mores, social control, and sanctions
Norms-societal rules that define acceptable behavior
Mores-widely observed societal norms
Social control – regulating the behavior of individuals and groups
Sanctions - actions taken to promote social norms
Taboo
Socially unacceptable
Folkways
Behaviors that are Polite and particular social situations
Agents of socialization
Family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs or social groups, and school
Labeling theory
Affects not only have others look at someone’s behaviors but also someone’s self image
Differential association theory
Deviance can be learned through interactions with others if they fall into the wrong group
Strain theory
Reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure. Applying to deviance
Normative conformity
Changes behaviors because fear of rejection
Internalization
Changing one’s own behavior to fit that in the whole group
Identification
Acceptance of others ideas without personally taking them in
Compliance
The change of behavior based on a direct request
Obedience
The change of behavior based on a direct order
Foot in the door technique
Starting with a small request and then making a larger request
Door the face technique
Initial large request is made, and once refused, a second small request is made
Lowball technique
Initially saying that something will not require a a large amount of work, but overtime becomes a bigger project
That’s not all technique
Making a better offer before a decision is made
Social cognition
Ways in which people think about others and how they impact behavior
Attitude
The positive or negative feelings towards a person place or thing
Components of attitude
Affective component – the way person feels/emotion
Behavioral component – the way person acts with respect to something
Cognitive component – the way in which someone thinks about something
Functional attitudes theory
There are four functions of attitude
Knowledge - the organization of thoughts and experiences
Ego expressive – communicating and solidifying our self identity
Adaptive - acceptance if socially acceptable attitudes are
Ego defensive – protection of our own self-esteem or justifying actions that we know we’re wrong
Learning theory
Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
Elaboration likelihood model
Based on the idea that people think with either central route processing, the processing of facts and knowledge, or peripheral route processing, the processing of other not necessarily related information such as outfit. Judging the book by its cover.
Social cognitive theory
Behavior is developed by direct observation of others actions/behaviors, influence of personal factors, and the environment.
(Behavioral, environmental, personal)
