Behavioral Science 5.1-3 Flashcards
Extrinsic motivation
External forces that are rewards or punishments
Intrinsic motivation
Internal motivation in the form of rewards or punishments
Instinct theory
People are driven to certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instinct
Arousal
The psychological and physiological state of being weak and reactive to stimuli
Arousal theory
People are motivated to perform actions that maintain an optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
Suggests performance is the lowest at extremely high or low levels of arousal
Drives
Internal state of tension that activate particular behaviors
Primary drives
Motivates humans to sustain bodily processes can you keep them in homeostasis. This homeostasis is controlled typically by negative feedback loop
Secondary drives
Drives derived from learning and not biologically related
Drive reduction theory
Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Certain needs have a greater influence and must be met before seeking higher needs (greatest to least important)
- physiological
- safety
- Love/belonging
- esteem
- Self-actualization
Self-determination theory
Emphasizes the role of three needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness. These needs must be met to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others
Incentive theory
Motivation is by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
Expectancy-value theory
Motivation needed to reach your goal is a result of the individuals expectation of success in reaching that goal and how much they value succeeding in reaching that goal
Opponent-Process Theory
The body will attempt to counteract effects of drugs by changing its physiology
Emotion
Natural instinctive state of mind derived from ones circumstances, mood, or relationships
The three elements of emotion
- physiological response
- behavioral response
- cognitive response
The seven universal emotions
Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, discussed, and anger
James-Lange theory of emotion
A stimulus results first in a physiological response which then causes secondary response labeled as a motion.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Physiological arousal and feeling of an emotion occur at the same time.
Schachter-Singer theory of cognitive arousal
Emotion is elicited when the brain is aroused and in a particular environment/situation. Brain aroused and cognitively appraised
Components of the limbic system
Amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex
Amygdala
Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotion
Thalamus
A sensory processing station that routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain
Hypothalamus
Synthesizes and releases a variety of Neurotransmitters
Hippocampus
Create long-term memories
Emotional memory
The unconscious memory that stores the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. (Explicit is the story of the event and implicit is the sensations involved in the event)
Prefrontal cortex
Associate with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Mainly involved in decision-making and controlling emotional response
Cognitive appraisal
The evaluation of a situation that induces stress
Primary appraisal
Initial evaluation of the environment and associated threats
Secondary appraisal
Evaluate whether the organism can cope with the stresses involved in the situation
Stressor
A biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response
Distress
Bad stress
Eustress
A result of positive conditions
Approach – approach conflict
The need to choose between two desirable options
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
The need to choose between two negative options
Approach – avoidance conflict
They need to make a decision with the possibility of both positive or negative elements
The general adaptation syndrome
The body‘s response to stress in three stages
- alarm: the activation of the sympathetic nervous system
- resistance: the continuous release of hormones that allow the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor
- exhaustion: the body can no longer remain at an elevated response
