Behavioral science 3.1 Flashcards
Learning stimulus
Anything to which an organism can respond including sensory inputs
Habituation
Decreased response due to repeated exposure to a stimulus
Dishabituation
Recovery of the response that has been suppressed due to habituation
Associative learning
The pairing or association between stimuli and behavior
Classical conditioning
Uses instinctual responses to create an association between two unrelated stimuli (pavlovs dog)
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that brings about a reflexive response
Unconditioned response
An innate or a reflexive response
Neutral stimuli
Do not produce a reflexive response. Can be referred to as signaling stimuli and can be used in classical conditioning for a new association
Conditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus trained to elicit a certain reaction
Conditioned response
Reflexive response that has been trained to be elicited by the condition stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
When a previously lost conditioned response is presented weakly
Generalization
A stimulus is similar enough it can elicit the same response
Discrimination
Ability to distinguish between two different stimuli and present two different responses
Operant conditioning
Conditioning to increase the frequency of voluntary behaviors
Positive reinforcement
A good stimulus to continue a certain behavior
Positive punishment
a bad stimulus is added to reduce a certain behavior
Negative reinforcement
A bad stimulus is removed to promote good response
Negative punishment
A good stimulus is removed to prevent further wrong behavior
Escape learning
Learning a behavior to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
Avoidance learning
Behavior to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has not yet happened
Primary and secondary reinforcers
Primary is the initial item that provides a positive stimulus secondary is associated with the primary to additionally reinforce(typically a conditioned reinforcer)
Discriminative stimulus
Indicates that a reward is potentially available in this particular environment\stimuli
Fixed ratio schedule
Reward is given after a certain number of correct behaviors
Variable ratio schedule
Reward is given after varying number of successful behaviors
Fixed interval schedule
A reward is given then a set waiting period ensues until next possible reward.
Variable interval schedule
Correct behavior is rewarded and then a variable waitingperiod ensues before another reward may be given for the correct behavior
Shaping
Rewarding increasingly specific behaviors
Latent learning
Learning that recurs without a reward but then spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
Learning preparedness
When a natural instinct is paired with learning so that the task being taught matches a natural instinct
Instinctive drift
When a natural instinct gets in the way of learning a new task
Observational learning
Learning which behaviors are favored or not actableFrom watching others
Mirror neurons
Neurons that fire when an action is observed or performed. This develops observational memory