B6: CLONING

Question 1

What is cloning?

Answer 1

making genetically identical copies of an organism

Question 2

What are the 2 different ways that organisms can be cloned?

Answer 2

-naturally (asexually reproducing plants)
-artificially (humans cloning plants and animals)

Question 3

What are some reasons to clone plants?

Answer 3

-desired characteristics (eg: disease resistance in crops)
-preserving rare species
-increased food availability
-lots of plants quickly
-scientific research

Question 4

What are some reasons to clone animals?

Answer 4

-produce many offspring with a desired characteristic
-preserving an endangered species
-scientific research (eg: research into ageing)

Question 5

What are 2 methods of cloning plants?

Answer 5

-tissue culture
-cuttings

Question 6

Tissue culture

Answer 6

-using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow genetically identical plants
-requires medium with growth hormones
METHOD:
-tissue sample scraped from parent plant
-tissue samples placed in what growth medium containing nutrients and auxin
-samples develop into plantlets which are then planted in compost

Question 7

Cuttings

Answer 7

-cut some of the plant off of the plant youre trying to clone
-cut stem at an angle
-dip in rooting powder containing auxin
-place in water so cut part is submerged

Question 8

What are 2 ways of cloning animals?

Answer 8

-embryo transplant
-adult cell cloning

Question 9

Embryo transplant

Answer 9

-embryo created then split many times in early stages before its specialised to form clones
-cloned embryos implanted into host mothers to continue developing

Question 10

Adult cell cloning

Answer 10

-nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
-nucleus from adult body cell inserted into egg cell
-electric shock stimulates egg cell to divide and form embryos
-the embryo cells contain the same DNA as the adult body cell
-when the embryo has developed it is inserted into uterus of an adult female to continue its development

Question 11

What are the advs of cloning?

Answer 11

-lots of offspring quickly
-desired characteristics in offspring
-preserve endangered species
-scientific research into ageing, embryo development and age related disorders

Question 12

What are the disadvs of cloning?

Answer 12

-reduced gene pool
-if there was a new disease all offspring would be affected
-health issues/premature death for cloned animals
-could lead to human cloning