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12th grade > Apes unit 2 > Flashcards

Apes unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sea otter

A

key stone species bc keep sea urchins n kelp eating animals from eating all the kelps forest which provided a home for other animals

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2
Q

population dynamics

A

study of how and why population change in

distribution
numbers
age structure
density

based on changes in envir

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3
Q

population distribution

A

clumping
uniform
random-rare

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4
Q

clumping distribution

A

most of living things are dispersed this way. why?

  • resources a species needs vary greatly in availability
  • provide protection from predators
  • better chance of hunting
  • group for mating and caring for child
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5
Q

population size

A

mostly made up of ppl in reproductive stage=population will increase

mostly made up off postreproductive age=decrease

stable when all ages are equal

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6
Q

limits of pop growth

A

biotic potential

envir resistance

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7
Q

biotic potential

A

capacity for population growth.

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8
Q

intrinsic rate of increase

A

r

rate a population would grow if it had unlimited resources

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9
Q

high r

A

reproduce early and have short generation times
have long reprodictive life
many offspring each birth

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10
Q

limiting factors

A

things/organisms that limit population growth

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11
Q

envir resistance

A

all factors that limit groeth of population

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12
Q

carrying capacity

A

K. not fixed
max population of a species a habitat can sustain indefinetly w/o degradation. determined by biotic potential and envir resistance.
growth rate decreases as the size is near K

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13
Q

exponential/geometric growth

A

starts slwoly then accelerates J curved. bottom part grows bc of r/biotic potential then converts to logistic growth.

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14
Q

logistic growth

A

rapid exponential then growth rate steady decreases population then stabilizes near K bc envir resistance. S shaped. population fluctuates around K. if exceeds then decline.

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15
Q

overshoot

A

exceed K when transitioning from exponential to logistoc. occurs bc of reproductive time lag. population suffers a dieback/crash unless animal switch resources or move

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16
Q

reproductive time lag

A

perioid needed for birth rate to fall n death rate to rise. reesponse to overconsumption of resource. during transition from exponential to logistic and causes an overshoot. after overshoot then dieback/crash

17
Q

How to increase carrying capacity

A

developing adaptive traits-natural selection.
reduce envir resistance
K increases/decreases seasonally bc weather
migrating to other areas

18
Q

population density

A

number of individ in population found in a particular area/volume

19
Q

density dependent population controls

A

factors that limit pop growth when pop density increases. competition, predation,parasitism, disease

20
Q

density independent

A

abiotic factors that can kill population. not affected by denisty. floods, hurricanes, fire, pollution

21
Q

patterns of variation in population size

A

stable, irruptive, cyclic, irregular.

22
Q

stable population size

A

pop size fluctuates around K

23
Q

irrupt pop size

A

pop growth may irrupt to a high peak then crash. short lived, rapidly reproducing. insects link to seasonal changes

24
Q

cyclic fluation/ boom n bust cycles pop size

A

regular fluctuation. ex. lemmings, lynx, snowshoe hare

25
Q

top down population regulation

A

predation

26
Q

bottomup population regulation

A

resource

27
Q

irregular pop size

A

irrgular changes in pop size w/o recurring pattern

28
Q

sexual reproduction disadvantages

A
  1. males dont five birth, females have to produce twice as many offspring asexual organisms does
  2. increase chance of genetic defects during chromosome splitting
  3. courtship/mating ritual consume time/energy
29
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

genetic diversity

male can gather food, protect, train young

30
Q

r selected reproductive patern

A

high rate of pop increase. small offspring, little parental care, opportunist. reproduced rapidly when conditions are favorable. succesful during envir changes begining. iregular or unstable boomnbust cycle. exponential

31
Q

K selected species

A

competitor. reproduce later in life, small # of offsprings, long life spans. do good in competition. logistic

32
Q

reproductive pattern give temp. advantage but

A

availabilitu of suitable habitat determines ultimate pop size

33
Q

survivorship curve

A 
represent age structure of a population. shows percentage of members of pop surviving at different ages.
late loss (live longer)
early loss
constant loss (die of all ages)
34
Q

life table

A

shows projected life expectancy/probability of death of members at each stage of survivorship curve

12th grade (39 decks)

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