Apes ch.10

Question 1

Intrinsic value

Answer 1

philosophy that components of the environment have value simply because they exist regardless of their use to us

Question 2

Aesthetic value

Answer 2

example of non-use value; satisfaction gained from appreciation for nature and its visual pleasure and beauty

Question 3

Old growth forest

Answer 3

forest that has never been cut or has regenerated and not seriously disturbed by humans for at least several hundred years

Question 4

Tree farm

Answer 4

This is one of the three types of forest that contains uniformly aged trees of one or two species that are harvested by clear-cutting as soon as they become commercially valuable. The land is then replanted and clear-cut again in a regular cycle.

Question 5

Sustainable forestry

Answer 5

forest that is carefully managed so that as trees are felled they are replaced with seedlings that eventually grow into mature trees. This is a carefully and skilfully managed system.

Question 6

Surface fires

Answer 6

burn only undergrowht and leaf litter on forest floor. they burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires and also release valuable mineral nutrients

Question 7

Crown fires

Answer 7

start on ground, but eventually burn whole trees and leap from treetop to treetop. they destroy most vegetation, kill wildlife, increase soil erosion.

Question 8

Ground fires

Answer 8

Fire that burns decayed leaves or peat deep below the ground surface.

Question 9

Creaming

Answer 9

A form of selective cutting in which most or all of the largest trees are removed that leads to a loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation.

Question 10

Prescribe fires

Answer 10

Small, contained surface fires set by people in order to lessen the risk of crown fires.

Question 11

Healthy forest restoration act

Answer 11

timber companies can cut down economically valuable medium-size and large trees in 71% of the total area of the national forests in return for clearing away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush. This law also exempts most thinning projects from environmental reviews and appeals currently required by forest protection laws. CONTROVERSIAL LAW because it actually makes forests more prone to fires.

Question 12

Debt for nature swap

Answer 12

This makes it financially attractive for countries to protect their tropical forests in return for foreign aid or debt relief.

Question 13

Conservation easement

Answer 13

Restrictions on a deed that bar future owners from developing the land.

Question 14

Habitat corridors

Answer 14

Establishing these between isolated reserves can help support more species and allow for migration of vertebrates that need large ranges. These allow for migration and there are other benefits. There are also drawbacks, such as threatening isolated populations

Question 15

Biodiversity hot spot

Answer 15

Contain a large number of endemic plant and animal species that are found nowhere else. Also have lost much of their critical habitat. There are 34

Question 16

Restoration

Answer 16

Trying to return a particular degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as similar as possible to its natural state.

Question 17

Rehabilitation

Answer 17

Attempting to turn a degraded ecosystem back into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore it to its original condition. Removing pollutants and replanting areas such as mining sites, landfills, and clear cut forests to reduce soil erosion.

Question 18

Ecological restoration

Answer 18

Deliberate alteration of a degraded habitat or ecosystem to restore as much of its ecological structure and function as possible.

Question 19

Overgrazing

Answer 19

Destruction of vegetation when too many grazing animals feed too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland or pasture area.

Question 20

Riparian zones

Answer 20

Thin strips and patches of vegetation that surround streams. They are very important habitats and resources for wildlife.

Question 21

Inholdings

Answer 21

Land in private ownership when park was established

Question 22

Peat bog

Answer 22

bog is a mire that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens