Apes ch.19

Question 1

air denisty

Answer 1

higher near sea level, more molecules per liter) than the air on top.

Question 2

atm pressure

Answer 2

force/mass per unit area of air. decreases at higher altitude

Question 3

troposphere

Answer 3

nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, co2.

80% of air mass
closest to surface.

rising/falling air currents/wind= weather/climate

Question 4

tropopause

Answer 4

decrease temp

above troposphere, below stratosphere. cold temp= thermal barrier, no mixing btw tropo and strato

Question 5

stratosphere

Answer 5

2nd layer. less matter but similar composition to troposhere. less water vapor, higher O3/ozone mostly concentrated at ozone layer
O2 + UV = O3. this prevents O2 from converting to photochem ozone

Question 6

air pollution

Answer 6

presence of chem in troposphere in high concentration that can harm

higher outdoor pollution in irban but spread to rural by wind

over past years, quaity of outdoor air in developed improved

develping: no pollution control laws. biggest problem is indoor

Question 7

primary pollutants

Answer 7

emitted directly into the air

Question 8

secondary pollutant

Answer 8

primary polutants react with other things in troposphere to form new harmful pollutants.

Question 9

Carbon monoxide

Answer 9

colorless, odorless, toxic gas forms during incomplete combustion of things w/ carbon in it
2C+O2=2CO

motor vehicle, fires, tobacco, inefficient stoves

react with hemoglobin and reduces ability of blood to transport oxygen to tissues

heart/lung
brain= high level

Question 10

carbon dioxide

Answer 10

colorless, odorless
form natural carbon cycle, 7% from humans, burn fossil fiels, clearing forest
not under clean air act. companies lobbied congress to keep co2 off the list of regulated pollutant

Question 11

nitrogen oxide NO

Answer 11

N2 + O2 = 2NO in high combustion temp in automobile, coal burning plants, lightning, soil

Question 12

Nitrogen oxides

Answer 12

2NO + O2 = 2NO2

NO react with Oxygen in air, reddish brown gas

play a role in photochem smog

irritate ENT and lungs, immune, plant growth

Question 13

NO2

Answer 13

react with water vapor in air = nitric acid and nitrate salt

damage living things, soil

Question 14

photochem smog

Answer 14

mixe of chem formed under sunlight and car

Question 15

nitrous oxide

N2)

Answer 15

greenhouse

fertilizer, animal waste, fossil fuel

Question 16

Sulfur dioxide

Answer 16

S02
irritating odor
1/3 from natural cycle

cmbustion of sulfure containgin coal and oil refine, sulfide ore

Question 17

sulfuric acid

Answer 17

SO2 in atm with
H2SO4 and suspendedparticles of sulfate salt- acid deposition

visibility, breathing prob, damage trees soil aquatic corode metals/ building

Question 18

suspended particulate matter

Answer 18

variety of solid particles and liquid dropletes. comes from naural sources 62%. fine/ultra fine particles are dangerous, respiratory problem and shorten life. toxic particlates=mutation/cancer
, PCBs from coal and lead

Question 19

Ozone

Answer 19

colorless, highly ractive, part of photochem smog

respiratory, immune, ENT, heart

Question 20

VOC

Answer 20

volatile organic compound
as gas
hydrocarbones, isoprene, terpenes, methane. from plants and animals
benzene and industrial solvent

Question 21

radon

Answer 21

radon 222, natural radioactive gas in rock/soil, seep into home/building on these deposites
lung cancer

Question 22

industrial smog

Answer 22

sulfure dioxide, sulfuric acid SPM
from coal from pp and home cook, ppl exposed in winter. CO and CO2 abd C=soot/SPM, SO2 converts to sulfuric acid, some react with ammonia= ammonium sulfate

lichen
asia brown cloud-USA size
reduce phtosynthesis
premature death, changing climate

Question 23

phtochem smog

brown air mog

Answer 23

NO + VOC + sunlight+ heat=
ozone, secondary pollutant, Nitric acid PAN. bad on hotter stays

from automoboles (NO VOC) into air, NO-NO2

Question 24

reduce outdoor air pollution

Answer 24

settling out
precipitation
sea spray
wind
chem rxn

Question 25

increase air pollution

Answer 25

urban building
hills/ mount
high temp
grasshopper effect

Question 26

temp inversion

Answer 26

buildup of high levels of air pollutant. warm air )with pollutants) rise to mix with cool air

Question 27

smokestack

Answer 27

industrial plants uses them to emmit sulfur dioxide, SPM, NOx high in tropopshere.
reduce local pollution, increase regional above inversion layer. form secondary

calcium cabone and limeston- neutralize