apes midterm Flashcards
Broad-spectrum pesticides may increase the number of a pest species through?
Development of genetic resistance
Killing of predators of the pest species
Killing of parasites that may have kept the population of the pest low
All of these answers
all of these answers
All of the following are advantages of biological control except that it?
U.S. farmers save $25 for each $1 invested in biological controls
Minimizes the development of genetic resistance
Is nontoxic to non-target species
Focuses on selected target species
Requires little research and development
Requires little research and development
Salt buildup may?
Eventually kill weeds
Eventually make the land unproductive
Increase yields
Increase crop growth
None of these answers
Eventually make the land unproductive
In most modern agriculture, which of the following effects is agriculture least likely to have on soil resources?
Replenishment of soil fertility
Desertification
Waterlogging
Erosion
salinization
replenishment of soil fertility
Which of the following foods is most likely to be contaminated by pesticides?
Cucumbers Strawberries Apples Green beans Celery
strawberries
Integrated pesticide management (IPM) could be promoted by all of the following strategies except:
Gradually phasing in subsidies for farmers who depend primarily on pesticides.
Setting up federally supported IPM demonstration projects in each county
Training USDA field personnel and county farm agents so they can help farmers with this strategy.
providing federal or state subsidies for farmers who use use IPM
Adding a sales tax on pesticides to fund IPM research and education
Gradually phasing in subsidies for farmers who depend primarily on pesticides.
Which of the following is not a detrimental environmental effect of the Green Revolution?
Emergence of pesticide-resistant insects
Degradation of land resources
Salinization of soils
Increase in irrigation worldwide
Boom in agricultural productivity
Boom in agricultural productivity
Deforestation, overgrazing, and the overworking of sol for sol for crop production can lead to which of the following?
Monoculture
Salinization
Desertification
Waterlogging
Increased crop rotation
desertification
Rotenone and pyrethrum are examples of ?
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Soil sterilants
Organophosphates
Botanicals
carbamates
botanical
Out in your wheat in oklahoma, you decide to plant several different varieties of wheat. A student from oklahoma state university studying sustainable agriculture observes that you are practicing _______.
Agroforesty Intercropping Polyvarietal cultivation Monoculture polyculture
polyvarietal cultivation
All of the following crops commonly grown in plantation agriculture except
Sugarcane Corn Coffee Cacao Bananas
corn
The pesticide treadmill involves?
Use of stronger doses of pesticides
A switch to new chemicals
Use of more frequent doses of pesticides
All of the above
None of the above
all
The term undernutrition refers to people who?
Eat too much
Eat balanced meals
Eat less than the basic minimum number of daily calories
Eat too much protein
Suffer from poor food quality
Eat less than the basic minimum number of daily calories
Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the Dust Bowl in the United States?
Desertification Drought Soil erosion Removal of vegetation cover No till agriculture
no till agri
Which of the following practices leads to desertification?
Surface mining Soil compaction Overgrazing Irrigation All of the above
all
Which of the following statements is false?
Integrated pest management involves multiple sampling of the pest population
In integrated pest management, small amounts of pesticides are used at critical times
Integrated pest management is a multidimensional control program
The goal of integrated pest control is the complete eradication of the pest
In integrated pest management, controlling pests may include vacuuming up harmful bugs.
The goal of integrated pest control is the complete eradication of the pest
20% silt, 10% clay, 70% sand
Sandy loam
Silt loam
Clay
Sandy clay loam
sandy loam
conservation tillage?
Decreases erosion
Accelerates water loss from the soil
Increases labor costs
Increases erosion
Increases energy consumption
decreases erosion
Most soil erosion is caused by?
Volcanoes Wind Earthquakes Excess heat Moving water
moving water
The 3 grains that provide more than half of the total calories consumed worldwide are________.
Soybeans, rice, and wheat
Wheat, barley, and flax seed
Oats, rye, and wheat
Rice, wheat, corn
Corn, millet, sorghum
Rice, wheat, corn
Global security can be increased by all of the following except?
Reducing poverty Increasing population Preventing topsoil erosion Minimizing overgrazing Halting desertification
increasing population
The genetically engineered golden rice has been developed to do which of the following?
Have long-lasting freshness Resist pests Provide vitamin a Produce more seeds Resist the harm caused by frost
provide vitamin a
Switching to integrated pest management?
Will be hard to do because it requires a break from tradition
Is difficult because farmers get most of their information from pesticide sales people or USDA county agents who have supported pesticide use in the past
Is strongly supported by environmentalists
Is strongly opposed by politically or economically powerful agricultural chemical companies
All of these
all
Concerns have been raised about possible links between low levels of pesticides and
Birth defects Immune system disorders Genetic mutation Nervous system disorders All of the these answers
all
Administration of ___ will prevent the majority of blindness in developing countries in the world.
Immunizing shots
Proteins
Iodine
Sugar and salt in a glass of water
Vitamin a capsules
vitamin a capsules
The correct sequence for the efficiency of converting grain into animal protein for the following animals, (in terms of kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight), most efficient to least efficient is
Catfish chicken pigs beef cattle
Pigs, beef cattle, catfish, chicken
Beef cattle, pigs, chicken, catfish
Catfish, pigs, chicken, beef cattle
Beef cattle, chicken, pigs, catfish
c. beef cattle pigs chicken catfish
Malnutrition and associated infection could be reduced by?
Encouraging breast-feeding
Immunization
Teaching women about child care and water sterilization
All of the above
None of the above
all
Benefits of aquaculture include?
Creation of jobs
Use of less fuel than conventional fishing methods
High yields per unit area
All of the above
None of the above
all
Which of the following best describes traditional subsistence agriculture?
Produces large quantities of a single product
Provides the food for one family
Often uses high-tech equipment
Common in developed countries
Commonly employs genetically modified crops
provides the food for one family
All of the following statements about an IPM Plan are true except:
An IPM plan takes into account the weather and climate in an area
An IPM plan uses natural enemies to control pests
IPM plans may include suggestions for human behavior modification
No pesticides are used in an IPM; only natural methods are used.
Cultural control methods are applied in an IPM plan
No pesticides are used in an IPM; only natural methods are used.
Which of the following is not one of the three major types of organic fertilizer?
Animal manure Sewage sludge Green manure Compost None of the above
sewage sludge
Industrialized agriculture requires large inputs of
Inorganic fertilizers Pesticides Water Fossil fuels All of the above
all
Which of the following types of agriculture is most characteristic of developing countries?
High input agriculture
Industrialized agriculture
Traditional intensive agriculture
Plantation agriculture
Traditional subsistence agriculture
Traditional subsistence agriculture
Which of the following is major environmental impact of livestock production?
Dispersion of livestock operations throughout the country
Bad smells
Animal rights groups releasing domestic livestock
Diets high in beef contain too much fat
Water pollution
water pollution
The practice of planting only one crop on a plot of land
monoculture
Can reduce the amount of organic matter and oxygen in the soil
soil degration
Can lead to a buildup of a layer of salt on the surface
irrigation genetically engineered plants
may lead to the production of more nutritious food
fertilizer
Overuse of groundwater can lead to
Saltwater intrusion Aquifer depletion Subsidence All of these answers None of these answers
all
In a septic tank system, which of the following is not true?
Wastewater is pumped into a settling tank
After leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption.
Bacteria treated waste is discharged in an absorption field
Solid are decomposed by bacteria
Grease and oil rise to the top in the bacteria
After leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption.
Which of the following statements about desalination is true?
Desalination is expensive
Desalination is the best approach to solving irrigation problems.
Desalination is the best method of acquiring clear water for drinking
The greatest amount of desalination occurs in the United States.
The common methods of desalination are reverse-osmosis and evaporation.
desalination is expensive
Which of the following statements is false?
A slow-flowing rivers are less susceptible to pollutants than fast-flowing streams
Streams can recover from degradable pollutants as long as they are not overloaded.
Oxygen sag curves show the time and distance needed for a stream to recover
Requiring cities to withdraw water downstream of the city would reduce pollution
The width and depth of the oxygen sag curve is dependent on water volume and flow rate.
A slow-flowing rivers are less susceptible to pollutants than fast-flowing streams
In cultural eutrophication, game fish die from?
Toxic substances in the water.
Salt
Loss of space
Acid deposition
Suffocation from lack of oxygen
Suffocation from lack of oxygen
The only effective way to protect groundwater is to?
Treat all water from underground sources
Using advanced sewage treatment
Using monitoring wells
Prevent contamination
Cover all wells carefully
prevent contamination
Which of the following is a point source of water pollution
Livestock feedlots
Offshore oil wells
Parking lots
Urban lands
Croplands
offshore oil wells
Porous water-saturated layers of underground rock are
known as
Recharge areas Water tables Watersheds Runoff areas Aquifers
aquifers
All of the following are cleanup methods of controlling cultural eutrophication except?
Using advanced waste treatment
Pumping air through reservoirs to avoid oxygen depletion
Harvesting excess weeds
Treating plant growth with herbicides
None of the answers
using advanced waste tra waste treatment
All of the following methods are likely to aid restoration of Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population except?
Developing disease- resistant oyster stocks
Seeding protected oyster beds with large, older oysters.
Trying to find reef building substitute to hasten reef reconstruction
Developing new recipes for oyster stew to enhance public appreciation of oysters.
Developing new recipes for oyster stew to enhance public appreciation of oysters.
Which of the following types of sewage treatment is properly matched?
Secondary-mechanical process
Primary- biological process
Secondary-chemical process
Primary-chemical process
advanced -physical and chemical process
advanced -physical and chemical process
The majority of the oil pollution of the ocean come from?
Environmental terrorism
blowouts (rupture of a borehole of an oil rig in the ocean)
Tanker accidents
Normal operations of offshore wells
Runoff from land.
runoff
All of the following are ways to prevent or slow groundwater depletion except?
Subsidize water conservation
Buy and retire groundwater withdrawal rights
A ban on new well construction
Waste less water
Grow more water-intensive crops
Grow more water-intensive crops
Which of the following statements is false?
The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water’s temperature falls
In rapidly flowing rivers, dissolved oxygen is replaced quickly.
The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water’s temperature rises.
The amount of oxygen in rivers declines in dry seasons.
Because of their flow, most streams recover rapidly from pollution by heat and biodegradable waste.
The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water’s temperature rises.
Throughout the world, the most water is used for?
Needs of animals and humans
Cooling towers of power plants
Transportation
Irrigation
Industrial processes
irrigation
Farmers can sharply reduce fertilizer runoff by?
Using prescribes amts of fertilizer
control runoff
planting nitrogen-fixing plants
planting buffer zones between cultivated fields and surface water
all of these answers
all
Which of the following is false?
Oil spills can have a negative economic impact on coastal residents
The environment recovers more slowly from crude oil spills than from refined oil spills
Oil evaporates and undergoes decomposition
Recovery from oil spills is faster in warm water than in cold water
Estuaries and salt marshes suffer the most damage from oil pollution and cannot be effectively cleaned up
The environment recovers more slowly from crude oil spills than from refined oil spills
Water resources can be transferred from water-rich areas to water-poor areas through tunnels, pipes, and aqueducts. Disadvantages of the water transfer process include all of the following except:
Climate is altered
Capacity for agriculture is increased
Fisheries are threatened
Water salinity increases
Rivers are degraded
capacity for agriculture is increased
Which of the following would least likely reduce the nutrient loading into the Chesapeake Bay estuary?
Upgrade of current sewage treatment plants
Govt subsidies for cotton crops
Improvement of manure containment lagoons in feedlots
Replanting of riparian zones and sea grass beds
Reintroduction of native oyster beds
Replanting of riparian zones and sea grass beds
Which of the following statements about the Aral Sea is false?
The surface area has decreased by 54%
A large portion of native fish species have disappeared
The volume of the aral sea has dropped by about 75%
The salinity levels have risen threefold
Water has been diverted from the aral sea and the two rivers that replenish its water primarily for use in manufacturing
Water has been diverted from the aral sea and the two rivers that replenish its water primarily for use in manufacturing
A body of water can be depleted of its oxygen by?
Sediments and suspended matter
Organic wastes
Viruses and parasitic worms
Organic compounds such as oil, plastics, solvents, and detergents
All of these answers
Organic wastes
The term subsidence refers to?
Accumulation of silt behind a dam
Intrusion of saltwater into a freshwater aquifer
Failure of the groundwater supply
Loss of water due to evaporation
Sinking of ground when water has been withdrawn
Sinking of ground when water has been withdrawn
The leading nonpoint source of water pollution is?
Runoff from city streets and storm sewers
Municipal landfills
Agriculture
Industrial wastes
Leaks from offshore oil wells
agriculture
Which of the following statements is false?
Heat can lower dissolved oxygen and make fish vulnerable to disease
Organic wastes reduce the amt of in the water supply
Inorganic nutrients such as fertilizers have no adverse effects of aquatic ecosystems
Radioactive wastes and toxins can be concentrated by biological amplification
Sediment can cloud water and reduce photosynthesis
Inorganic nutrients such as fertilizers have no adverse effects of aquatic ecosystems
Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution?
Logged forest
Active and inactive coal mines
Sewage treatment plant
Electric power plant
factories
logged forest
The effects of oil spill depend on the?
Distance of release from shore
Amt released
Type of oil (crude of refined)
Time of year
All of these answers
all
Which of the following statements is false?
The water table moves down in dry weather
Recharging of water is a slow process
Water is a confined aquifer is under pressure
The water table is located at the top of the zone of saturation
Groundwater is stationary and doesn’t move
Groundwater is stationary and doesn’t move
Large dams and reservoirs?
Are inexpensive to build
Cannot be used for outdoor recreation
Can be used to provide electric power
Reduce danger of flooding upstream
All of these answers
Can be used to provide electric power
Sustainable use of water?
Requires integrated governance of water pollution among all users of a watershed
Might be encouraged by water marketing
Requires integrated governance of water use, sewage treatment among all users of a watershed
Is discouraged by government subsidies of water
All of these answers
All of these answers
in most developed countries, large fish kills and contamination of drinking water are caused by?
Malfunctioning sewage treatment plants
Deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals
Accidental release of toxic industrial chemicals
All of these answers
None of these answers
all
Nitrates and phosphates are examples of?
Oxygen-demanding wastes
Disease-causing agents
Sediment
Organic chemicals
Inorganic plant nutrients
Inorganic plant nutrients
Which of the following statements is false?
Human activities can accelerate the eutrophication process
Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plants nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides
Eutrophication is a natural process and can occur without the influence of humans
Acid deposition and fallout represent a more serious hazard to lakes than rivers
Eutrophication is caused by inputs of nutrients and silt from the surrounding land basin
Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plants nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides
Of the following organisms, the group that is least likely to cause disease is?
Algae Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Parasitic worms
algae
Porous layers of rock and soil that store freshwater
aquifer
Upper limit of the zone of saturation
water table
Precipitation which does not infiltrate the ground
runoff
Land area surrounding a particular body of water from which runoff drains
watershed
A resource that is too expensive to extract is said to be?
Perpetual Economically depleted Limited Environmentally depleted Ecologically depleted
economically depleted
Which of the following statements best illustrates the tragedy of the commons?
A factory pollutes a river as much as the law allows
Some activities harm the environment but others don’t
Cropland can decrease biodiversity
Irrigated cropland can be ruined by salinization
Some levels of pollution are life threatening
A factory pollutes a river as much as the law allows
Effects of pollution might include?
Fish kills in lakes and streams
Acid rain-induced destruction of a statue in your city park
Spread of disease from an open dump
Being unable to see the top of skyscrapers because
All of these answers
all
An environmentally sustainable society?
Projects the prospects of future generations of humans and other species
Manages its economy and population size without doing irreparable environmental harm
Satisfies the needs of its people by harvesting without depleting earth’s capital
Meets the needs of its people without jeopardizing the needs of future generations
All of these answers
all
A community of living organisms interacting with one another and the physical and chemical factors of their nonliving environment is called
A population A lithosphere A species A community An ecosystem
ecosystem
Aerobic respiration requires
Oxygen and water Co2 and h2o Glucose and co2 Glucose and o2 Co2 and o2
glucose and o2
Exponential growth
Starts out slowly and remains slow
Remains constant
Starts rapidly and remains rapid
Starts out slowly then becomes very rapid
Starts rapidly then slows
Starts rapidly and remains rapid
In a typical soil profile, the topsoil is composed of?
The parent material Leached material Humus Bedrock The o and a horizon
humus
The market value in dollars of goods and services produced in a country for use within a year is the?
Per capita GDP
Per capita GNP
Gross national product
Gross growth product
Gross domestic product
gdp
Which is NOT a component of the water cycle?
The movement of nutrients is largely dependent on the water cycle
Most water is held in freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes
The sun is a key component and acts as a power source for the water cycle
Water is stored in sinks, including ice caps, oceans, rivers, and lakes
Water vapor is considered an atmospheric gas
Most water is held in freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes
Humans remove nitrogen from the soil by all of the following except?
Harvesting of nutrient-rich crops
Mining of nitrogen-rich mineral deposits
Applying organic fertilizers to agricultural land
Leaking water-soluble nitrate ions from soil through irrigation
None of these answers
Applying organic fertilizers to agricultural land
Which of the following generalizations about developing countries is true?
They have a high average GNP per person
They use about 12% of the world’s resources
They’re highly industrialized
They include the US, canada, japan, former soviet union, and european countries
They make up about 1/10 of the world’s pop.
use about 12% of world’s resources
Which of the following best describes the concept of environmental degradation?
Using oil to make gasoline
Letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream
Cutting trees for wood products
Using solar power at a rapid rate
All of these answers
Letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream
Which of the following is not a renewable resource?
Crops Groundwater Trees in a forest Oil Fertile soil
oil
This process converts compounds like co2 or methane into carbohydrates using an energy source such as hydrogen sulfide?
Fermentation Chemosynthesis Photosynthesis Transpiration Aerobic respiration
chemosynthesis
Which of the following is an example of reuse?
Making compost out of kitchen scraps
Making paper goods from previously used paper
Using waste heat to warm a room
Using a plastic butter tub to store leftovers
Remelting aluminum cans
remelting aluminum cans
Use of a natural resource based on sustainability yield applies to ?
renewable resources
All non renewable resources can theoretically be ?
exhausted or depleted
Nonpoint sources of pollution include all of the following except
A smokestack from a power plant
What is the tragedy of the commons?
Degradation of the actions of resources
Overfishing , water pollution , and air pollution
Pollution cleanup effects can be ineffective because?
Move trash from 1 place to another are hard to clean up
Root cause of environmental problem include?
People and population
Theodore Roosevelt establish the ?
Wildlife refuge
Who developed the sierra club ?
John muir
What’s the ccc?
Roosevelt set up to stop the great depression and putpeople back to work
What president 3x the amount of in the national wilderness systems and 2x the area administered by national park service ?
Theodore Roosevelt
What best describes the concept of environmental degradation?
letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream
Red &a yellow in a soil horizon visually indicates?
The soil is low in organic matter and needs nitrogen enrichment
Aerobic respiration requires?
oxygen
Ammonium ions are converted to nitrite ions &a nitrate ion through the process of?
nitrification
Ecosystem
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Community
Population of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time
How do humans add sulfur to the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels
Nitrate is converted to nitrogen through the process of
denitrification
Niche
the function or position of a species within an ecological community.
What does the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy occurs in
photosynthesis
The topsoil horizon is described by the letter
o
2 ways human interference with carbon cycle
Deforestation and burning fossil fuels
Form of nitrogen most useable to plants is
nitrate
In a typical soil profile, the top soil composed of
humus
What cycle does not contain gas phase
phosphorus
Chemosynthesis
the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight.
Aerobic respiration
process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen
Transpiration
process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
The intrinsic rate of increase
Rate at which a population increases in size if there are no density dependent factors regulating the population
All of the following are general types of pop change curve except?
Explosive
Stable
Cyclic
irregular
Explosive
Which of the following is not one of the age structure categories?
Prereproductive Reproductive Post reproductive Elderly none
elderly
A logistic growth curve depicting a population that is limited by a definite carrying capacity is shaped like the letter
J L M S N
s
A population crash occurs when?
A pop approaches its carrying capacity
Environmental resistance comes into play gradually
Resources are essentially unlimited
Pop overshoots carrying capacity and environmental pressure causes effects
Pop growth rate slows
Pop overshoots carrying capacity and environmental pressure causes effects
Density dependent pop controls include all of the following except
Disease Human destruction of habitat Paratism Competition for resources Predation
Competition for resources
Pop of rabbits in Fremont is 250 in Sept, 2004 and growing at a rate of 3.5% each . If the rate remains the constant, determine the month and year in which the rabbit pop with reach 128,000?
May 2006
Sept 2006
May 2019
Sept 2019
Sept 2019
The changes in pop. density, dispersion, and age structure are known as?
Succesor Demography Pop dynamic Biotic potential Carrying capacity
pop dynamic
Which of the following best describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a fish?
Late loss Constant loss Early loss No loss None
Early loss
Which of the following is not a reason why organisms tend to live in clumps?
Resources vary greatly in availability from place to place
Living in herds, flocks or schools can provide protection of animals
Living in a pack gives predator species a better chance of getting food
Some animals form temporary groups for mating or carrying young
Intra specific competition decreases when living in a group
Intra specific competition decreases when living in a group
All of the following illustrate exponential growth except?
A king promised to double the number of grains of wheat
Human population growth
Driving 10 mph for 1 min, after a min 20 mph, after a min 30 mph, and then after a min 40 mph
Money in a savings account
Bacteria population growth
Driving 10 mph for 1 min, after a min 20 mph, after a min 30 mph, and then after a min 40 mph
If the world’s pop grew by 2% in 1998 and continued at that rate how long would it take Earth’s population to double 20 years 25 years 30 years 35 years 40 years
35
You are visiting a developing country, Compared to developed country, you would expect to find a?
Higher % of the pop with safe drinking water
Higher % of pop under the age 15
Higher average life expectancy
More urban population
Higher % of pop over 60
Higher % of pop under the age 15
Root causes of environmental problems include?
Rapid pop growth
Even distribution of wealth
Increasingly sustainable use of resources
Prices reflecting environmental costs
Using non renewable resource sensibly
Rapid pop growth
Human pop have grown exponentially over the last 200 years due to?
Medical advances
Expansion in agriculture
Increasing industrial production
Improved hygiene
All the above
all
A common argument against pop. growth control could be that?
It violates against religious or moral beliefs
It violates the right to privacy
It keeps minorities or citizens of developing countries from gaining power
A and B only
A, B , and C
A and B only
The optimum sustainable pop. is?
The level that would allow most people to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations.
The level that could be sustained by creating tech that would solve any environmental problem human might face
The maximum number of people that could live comfortably but not induce any environmental degradation on the planet
All the above
None of the above
The maximum number of people that could live comfortably but not induce any environmental degradation on the planet
The population change in a particular year can be calculated by?
(death+emigration) - (births+immigration)
(births+immigration) - (death+emigration)
(deaths+immigration) - (births+emigration)
(births+emigration) - (death+immigration)
(births+deaths) - (immigration+emigration)
(births+immigration) - (death+emigration)
The crude birth rate is the number of live births per\_\_ persons in a given year. 50 100 500 1,000 10,000
1,000
The highest crude birth rate and crude death rate are in
Africa Latin America Asia Europe Oceania
africa
Total Fertility rate is?
The number of children born to a woman during her lifetime
The number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves
The average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years
The number of live births per 1000 people
The births and immigration into a population minus the deaths and emigration
The average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years
The actual average replacement- level fertility for the whole world is slightly higher than
1 child per couple 2 children per couple 3 children per couple 4 children per couple 5 children per couple
2 children per couple
The total fertility rate in the United States reached a peak
When the U.S was dominated by an agricultural economy during the late 1700s ?
After the civil war, in the 1870s
After world war 1, in the mid 1920s
After world war 2, in the mid 1950s
After the Vietnam War, in the mid 1970s
After world war 2, in the mid 1950s
Which of the following is not an economic factor decreasing the likelihood of a couple having a child?
Religious beliefs
Cost of education
Lack of a pension system
Employment opportunities for women
Need for child to be part of family labor pool
Religious beliefs
Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ?
Birth rate and death rate
Replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate
Life expectancy and infant mortality rate
Life expectancy and death rate
Population growth rate
Life expectancy and infant mortality rate
Death rates have declined because of ?
Increased food supplies
Access to birth control
Improved sanitation and hygiene
A and C only
A, B and C
A and C only
Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children out of 1,000 that die?
Before birth In their first month In the first half-year of life By their first birthday By their 5th birthday
By their first birthday
The age structure of a population is the number or percentage of ?
Females age 14 years or under
Females age 15 to 44
Males age 15 to 44
Persons of each sex at each age level
Person of each sex at age 15 to 44
Persons of each sex at each age level
Rapidly growing countries have an age structure that
Forms an inverted pyramid
Has a broad based pyramid
Shows little variation in population by age
Has a large pre-reproductive pop
Has a large post reproductive pop
Has a large pre-reproductive pop
