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Finale G12 > AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Genomes are encased in what?

A

They are encased in membrane-bound organelles called nuclei.

sing. nucleus

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2
Q

What reflects commom ancestry in eukaryotes and proaryotes?

A

Genomes and ribosomes

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3
Q

Are ribosomes membrane enclosed structures?

A

No

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4
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Two subunits (one big and one small), more in future lessons

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5
Q

What is needed to synthesize protiens using ribosomes?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids

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6
Q

Is the ER membrane enclosed?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

It packages the newly synthesized protiens for transport out of the cell

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8
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

It’s functions include detoxification and lipid synthesis

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9
Q

What is the golgi complex made of?

A

Its a series of flattened membrane bound sacs (in eukaryotic cells)

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10
Q

What does the golgi complex do?

A

Its involved in the correct folding and modification of newly synthesized protiens and packaging for protien traffacking

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11
Q

What is a mitochondrion made of?

A

A smooth outer membrane and convuluted inner membrane called cristae

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12
Q

What does mitochodria do?

A

It functions in the production of ATP

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13
Q

What is a lysosome sac?

A

It’s a membrane enclosed sac filled with hydrolytic enzymes

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14
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Their enzymes can be used to digest damaged cell parts or macromolecules

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15
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

They are membrane bound sacs

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16
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Storage of water and release of waste in a cell (perhaps more things as well)

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17
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

They’re structures that have double membranes and that are specialized in capturing energy from the sun and producing sugar for the organism

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18
Q

What are the two compartments that make up a chloroplast?

A

Thylakoids and stroma

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19
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

They are highly folded membrane compartments that are organized in stacks called grana.

20
Q

What are some features of the thylakoids?

A

Its membranes contain chlorophyll, and electron transport protiens can be found between the photosystems, embedded in the thylakoid membrane. The light dependent reactions occur there.

21
Q

What are some features of the stroma of chloroplasts?

A

It is the fluid between the inner chloroplast membrane and outer thylakoids, and it is where the carbon fixation cycle occurs.

22
Q

What are photosystems and where are they located?

A

Photosystems are complexes of proteins and pigments found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in plant cells (and in the membranes of cyanobacteria.)

23
Q

Where do the light independant reactions occur?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplasts in plant cells.

Also known as the Calvin cycle

24
Q

Where do the light dependant reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoids of chloroplasts

25
Q

Why is it better for cells to be small?

A
  1. Because the cell typically has a greater cell to surface area to volume ratio, which leads to a more effecient exchange of materials
  2. Transporting things such as waste and nutrients gets more challenging the bigger the cell is
26
Q

Smaller cells that have greater surface area to volume ratios have…

A
  1. Better chances of survival
  2. Adequate surface area to channel the exchange of nutrients needed by the cell and waste expunged out of the cell
27
Q

What’re the formulas for surface area and volume?

A

SA: 4pir^2
V: 4/3pir^3

28
Q

What are some examples of membrane folding increasing surface area?

A

Root hairs on the surface of plant roots, and membrane folds on the lining of the small intestine (villi and microvilli)

29
Q

What is one thing that gets affected in larger organisms (considering their smaller surface area to volume ratio)?

A

Their heat dissapation

30
Q

How do elephants combat their smaller surface area to volume ratio?

A

Their ears to dissapate heat

31
Q

What are stomata?

A

They are specialized exchange surfaces that change their shape in order to obtain or release certain molecules from or into the environment

32
Q

What do cell membranes provide?

A

A barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

33
Q

What do cell membranes control?

A

They control the transport of materials in and out of the cell

34
Q

What are the protiens that can be found in the cells membrane?

A

Integral and periphiral protiens

35
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

It’s a term used to describe something that’s both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

36
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

They spontaneously form a bi-layer in an aqeous environment

37
Q

What is a phospholipid made of?

A

A hydrophobic phosphate head, which is polar, and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail, which is nonpolar.

38
Q

Are protiens that are part of the cells membrane hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

A

Actually they can be either:
1. Periphiral protiens are hydrophillic.
2. Integral protiens are both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

39
Q

What are some functions of the membrane protiens?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Cell-cell recognition
  3. Enzymatic activity
  4. Signal transduction
  5. Intercellular joining
  6. Attachment for intracellular matrix or cytoskeleton
40
Q

What is the framework of the cell membrane described as?

A

A Fluid Mosaic Model

41
Q

Are the bonds of the cell membrane weak or strong, and why?

A

It is relatively weaker than covalent bonds because it’s held together primarly by hydrophobic interactions

42
Q

What is cholerstrol?

A

A type of steriod

43
Q

What does cholerstrol do in the Fluid Mosaic model?

A

It is randomly distributed and wedged between phospholipids of eukaryotic cells and regulates bilayer fluidity under different conditions of the cell

44
Q

What does a Fluid Mosaic Model contain?

A

A phospholipid bilayer, protiens (periphiral and integral). cholestrol, and carbohydrates

45
Q

What do carbohydrates do in the fluid mosaic model?

A

They function as markers.

46
Q

What are the different types of carbohydrate markers?

A

Glycoprotiens: attached to protiens
Glycolipids: attached to lipids

Finale G12 (76 decks)

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