3.6 Flashcards
Fermentation and cellular respiration are two mechanisms that do whatt?
They allow organisms to use energy stored in biological macromolecules
What is a characteristic of all life forms?
Cellular respiration and fermentation in one form or another (or both!)
What’s an example of a biological molecule that cellular respiration and fermentation release energy from?
Glucose
When is oxygen used?
In cellular respiration, not fermentation
Are fermentation and anaerobic respiration the same processes?
No, they are not
What’s the difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
The products of fermentation are lactic acid or ethanol, however the product of anaesrobic respiration is pyruvate
What does cellular respiration go through in eukaryotes?
It goes through enzyme mediated reactions that capture the energy from glucose creating ATP
What is ATP?
It is a molecule used by cells to do work
What are the metabollic pathways involved in cellular respiration?
- Glycolosis, occuring in the cytoplasm
- Pyruvate oxidation, occuring in the mitochondria
- Krebs cycle, or the Citric Acid Cycle occuring in the mitochondria
- Electron transport chain, occuring in the mitochondria
The electron transport chain transfers what in a series of coupled reactions?
Energy
Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
The electron trasnport chain occurs in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes, and in the cell membranes of prokaryotes
What does the electron transport chain (ETC) help facilitate?
It helps facilitate a series of coupled reactions used in cellular respiration
Why are ETCs useful?
They allow for a more controlled and effecient transfer of energy
What do ETC’s use and what do they do?
They use electron energy to create a proton gradient across the membrane
How are the electrons delivered to the ETC?
Through carriers called NADH and FADH2
How does ATP synthase synthesize ATP?
By the using the electrochemical/proton gradient to synthesize ATP
Where’s the ETC located in animals?
In the thylakoid membranes, which are present in mitochondria
Where’s the ETC located in plants?
In the internal membrane of chloroplasts
What makes up the ETC?
Membrane protiens
What do the ETC protiens do with the energy from electrons?
They use it to facilitate a series of coupled reactions
What happens during ETC reactions?
The active transport of protons occur to create a gradient
How is the electrochemical gradient maintained, considering semi-permeable membranes?
- Active transport
- Biological impermeability to charged ions (this is the main point)
What is chemiosmosis?
It’s the movement of ions through a semipermeable membrane
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
It’s the process of making ATP by using the stored energy of a proton gradient
What is the process of making ATP as a result of the stored energy in the proton gradient?
Oxidative phosphorylation
How does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
NADH and FADH2 lose electrons to the ETC (oxidation)
ATP synthase adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP, turning it into ATP (phosphorylation)
What does decoupling mean?
It’s the disruption of coupling reactions (products of one reaction -> reactants of another)
What does decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from ETCs do?
It generates heat
Why can decoupling in oxidative phosphorylation be useful?
It can be used as a way to generate heat for endotherms
