3.6

Question 1

Fermentation and cellular respiration are two mechanisms that do whatt?

Answer 1

They allow organisms to use energy stored in biological macromolecules

Question 2

What is a characteristic of all life forms?

Answer 2

Cellular respiration and fermentation in one form or another (or both!)

Question 3

What’s an example of a biological molecule that cellular respiration and fermentation release energy from?

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

When is oxygen used?

Answer 4

In cellular respiration, not fermentation

Question 5

Are fermentation and anaerobic respiration the same processes?

Answer 5

No, they are not

Question 6

What’s the difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

Answer 6

The products of fermentation are lactic acid or ethanol, however the product of anaesrobic respiration is pyruvate

Question 7

What does cellular respiration go through in eukaryotes?

Answer 7

It goes through enzyme mediated reactions that capture the energy from glucose creating ATP

Question 8

What is ATP?

Answer 8

It is a molecule used by cells to do work

Question 9

What are the metabollic pathways involved in cellular respiration?

Answer 9

1. Glycolosis, occuring in the cytoplasm
2. Pyruvate oxidation, occuring in the mitochondria
3. Krebs cycle, or the Citric Acid Cycle occuring in the mitochondria
4. Electron transport chain, occuring in the mitochondria

Question 10

The electron transport chain transfers what in a series of coupled reactions?

Answer 10

Energy

Question 11

Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Answer 11

The electron trasnport chain occurs in the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes, and in the cell membranes of prokaryotes

Question 12

What does the electron transport chain (ETC) help facilitate?

Answer 12

It helps facilitate a series of coupled reactions used in cellular respiration

Question 13

Why are ETCs useful?

Answer 13

They allow for a more controlled and effecient transfer of energy

Question 14

What do ETC’s use and what do they do?

Answer 14

They use electron energy to create a proton gradient across the membrane

Question 15

How are the electrons delivered to the ETC?

Answer 15

Through carriers called NADH and FADH2

Question 16

How does ATP synthase synthesize ATP?

Answer 16

By the using the electrochemical/proton gradient to synthesize ATP

Question 17

Where’s the ETC located in animals?

Answer 17

In the thylakoid membranes, which are present in mitochondria

Question 18

Where’s the ETC located in plants?

Answer 18

In the internal membrane of chloroplasts

Question 19

What makes up the ETC?

Answer 19

Membrane protiens

Question 20

What do the ETC protiens do with the energy from electrons?

Answer 20

They use it to facilitate a series of coupled reactions

Question 21

What happens during ETC reactions?

Answer 21

The active transport of protons occur to create a gradient

Question 22

How is the electrochemical gradient maintained, considering semi-permeable membranes?

Answer 22

1. Active transport
2. Biological impermeability to charged ions (this is the main point)

Question 23

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 23

It’s the movement of ions through a semipermeable membrane

Question 24

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 24

It’s the process of making ATP by using the stored energy of a proton gradient

Question 25

What is the process of making ATP as a result of the stored energy in the proton gradient?

Answer 25

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 26

How does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 26

NADH and FADH2 lose electrons to the ETC (oxidation)
ATP synthase adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP, turning it into ATP (phosphorylation)

Question 27

What does decoupling mean?

Answer 27

It’s the disruption of coupling reactions (products of one reaction -> reactants of another)

Question 28

What does decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from ETCs do?

Answer 28

It generates heat

Question 29

Why can decoupling in oxidative phosphorylation be useful?

Answer 29

It can be used as a way to generate heat for endotherms