AP Bio Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards
What is polarity?
A molecule is polar when there is a difference in electronegativity among the atoms.
Oxygen is more electronegative than the two hydrogens which results in a
polar covalent bond
What is cohesion?
Cohesion is the hydrogen bond between 2 (or more) of the same molecules.
How do organisms depend on waters chemical properties?
u can explain this more but
1. capillary action
2. lower density when frozen
3. high heat capacity
4. surface tension
5. high solvency
What’s a covalent bond?
It’s a bond between atoms that is formed as a result of shared electrons.
What’s adhesion?
Adhesion occurs as a result of hyfrogen bonds between 2 (or more) different molecules
What can the increased hydrogen bonds between water molecules result in?
Surface tension
What does water’s adhesive property contribute to?
It contributes to its high solvency ability (in its liquid state)
1
What does water’s cohesive property contribute to?
It contributes to its unique hydrogen bond interaction when in a solid state (which makesit less dense as opposite to its liquid state).
2
What does water’s cohesive property contribute to?
It contributes to its high heat capacity
What is capillary action a result of?
Its a resut of both waters cohesive and adhesive properties
What is something that all living things require?
A constant input of energy
What does the law of conservation of energy state?
It states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed.
What is is the main way that organisms use/store energy?
They use the energy stored in chemical bonds.
Carbon is used to build which macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucelic acids, and protiens
Nitrogen is used to build what macrmolecules?
Protiens and nucleic acids
Phosphorus is used to build what macromolecules?
Nucleic acids and certain lipids
What are carbon skeletons?
They’re carbon atoms bound together (in chains, rings, and branches) that can allow the attachment of other atoms
What can carbon skeletons contribute to?
They can contribute to the formation of large and complex molecules
What can molecules that contain carbon be used for?
They can be used for storing energy, and for forming basic cell structures
What are monomers?
They are chemical subunits that are used to create polymers
What’s a polymer?
A polymer is a macromolecule composed of many monomers
What type of bond is formed between 2 monomers?
A covalent bond
What’s the monomer?
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
What’s the monomer?
Protien
Amino acid
What’s the monomer?
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
What’s the monomer?
Lipids
No true monomer
fatty acid
How are covalent bonds formed between monomers?
Through dehydration synthesis reactions (removal of H and OH)
What do hydrolosis reactions do?
They break/cleave the covalent bonds between monomers
Function is related to…
structure
What is a nucleotide composed of?
A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
What’s the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA -> Deoxyribose sugar, Thymine
RNA -> Ribose sugar, Uracil
Lipids are composed of…
Fatty acids and glycerol
Hydrophillic is…
polar
Hydrophobic is…
non-polar
What’s the directionality of nucleic acids?
It’s 3’ hydorxyl and 5’ phosphate group are alternating (antiparallel)
During the synthesis of nucleic acids, where are nucleotides added?
On the 3’ end
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?
2 hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine?
3 hydrogen bonds
What is the directionality of a protien determined by?
It’s determined by its amino terminus and carboxyl terminus
When a protien is synthesized, where are amino acids added?
They are added to the carboxyl group
How are amino acids bonded to the carboxyl group of a protien?
Covalent/Peptide bonds
Only one end of the chain contains a carboxyl group i think, and
the amino acid will always be added there
What are the 4 possible structures for a protien?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sttuctures.
How does the secondary structure come about?
Through the folding of the primary structure (into alpha helicase and beta helicase)
What does the tertiary structure look like?
It looks like a 3D structure
What is the quaternary structure composed of?
It’s composed of many tertiary structures
What can the directionality of monosaccharide polymers have an effect on?
It can have an effect on the overall function of the carbohydrate
Alpha and Beta glucose for example
Carbohydrate polymers may be…
Linear or branchedf
