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Phase 1 - Anatomy > Anatomy- The posterior Leg and Sole of the Foot > Flashcards

Anatomy- The posterior Leg and Sole of the Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 glutei muscles.

A
  1. Gluteus maximus. 2. Gluteus medius. 3. Gluteus minimus.
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2
Q

Where does gluteus maximus insert?

A

The iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.

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3
Q

What is the action of gluteus maximus?

A

Extension of the thigh.

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4
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve.

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5
Q

What is the action of gluteus medialis and minimus?

A

Abduction of the lower limb.

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6
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus medialis and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve.

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7
Q

When do you abduct the hip joint?

A

When walking.

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8
Q

What is the usual function of the abductors of the hip joint?

A

They hold the pelvis level when you take one foot off the ground.

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9
Q

Where do gluteal vessels and nerves emerge from?

A

The greater sciatic foramen.

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10
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3.

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11
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

The muscles of the posterior thigh and the hamstring part of adductor magnus.

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12
Q

What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into?

A

The tibial and common peroneal (common fibular) nerves.

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13
Q

What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?

A
  1. Biceps femoris (lateral). 2. Semimembranous (medial). 3. Semitendinous.
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14
Q

What is the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension at the hip and flexion at the knee.

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15
Q

When do the extensors of the hip joint act?

A

When climbing the stairs.

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16
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve L4-S3.

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17
Q

Where does the biceps femoris tendon insert?

A

The head of the fibula.

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18
Q

What muscle forms the superiomedial border of the politeal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus muscle.

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19
Q

What muscle forms the superiolateral border of the politeal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris.

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20
Q

What muscle forms the inferiormedial border of the politeal fossa?

A

Medial head of the gastrocnemius.

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21
Q

What muscle forms the inferiorlateral border of the politeal fossa?

A

Lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.

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22
Q

What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fascia.

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23
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  1. Popliteal artery. 2. Popliteal vein. 3. Tibial nerve. 4. Common peroneal nerve.
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24
Q

How are the arteries, veins and nerves arranged in the popliteal fossa?

A

Usually NAV from lateral to medial. The nerve is always most superficial and the artery is always deepest.

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25
Q

How can you examine the hamstrings in the living?

A

Active flexion of the knee.

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26
Q

Name 4 muscles that insert on to the medial condyle of the tibia.

A
  1. Semitendinosus. 2. Semimembranosus. 3. Sartorious. 4. Gracilis.
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27
Q

How does the popliteal artery reach the popliteal fossa?

A

As the femoral artery through the adductor canal.

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28
Q

What superficial vein drains into the popliteal vein?

A

The great saphenous vein.

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29
Q

What is the surface marking of the sciatic nerve?

A

Lower medial quadrant of the buttock.

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30
Q

What is the effect of a complete transection of the sciatic nerve?

A

Loss of hamstring function and of muscles below the knee.

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31
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps, semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

The ischial tuberosity.

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32
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps?

A

Linea aspera.

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33
Q

Where does biceps femoris tendon insert?

A

The head of the fibula.

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34
Q

Which of the hamstrings muscles lies most lateral?

A

The biceps femoris.

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35
Q

How can you identify semitendinosus?

A

It has a very long tendon attaching to the medial condyle of the tibia.

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36
Q

Name 2 superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh.

A

Soleus and gastrocnemius.

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37
Q

How many heads does gastrocnemius have?

A

2 - medial and lateral. They form the inferior borders of the popliteal fossa.

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38
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A
  • Medial head: medial condyle of the femur. - Lateral head: lateral condyle of the femur.
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39
Q

What is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

It combines with soleus to form the calcaneal tendon which inserts onto the calcaneus.

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40
Q

What are the 2 actions of gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee.

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41
Q

What other muscle combines to form the calcaneal tendon with gastrocnemius?

A

Soleus.

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42
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantarflexion.

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43
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve.

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44
Q

In what compartment of thelower limb are the hamstrings located?

A

The posterior thigh.

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45
Q

Name 4 deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.

A
  1. Popliteus. 2. Flexor digitorum longus. 3. Flexor hallucis longus. 4. Tibialis posterior.
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46
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7.

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47
Q

Which nerve winds around the neck of the fibula?

A

The common peroneal nerve.

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48
Q

Complete transection of the common peroneal nerve can cause what clinical sign?

A

Foot drop.

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49
Q

The muscles that form the calcaneus tendon are all supplied by which nerve?

A

Tibial nerve.

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50
Q

Does the long saphenous vein cross anterior or posterior to the medial malleolus?

A

Anterior.

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51
Q

What veins drain the superficial leg?

A

Short and long saphenous veins. The short saphenous vein drains the posterior leg.

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52
Q

How do the superficial and deep veins of the leg communicate?

A

Via perforators which pass through the deep fascia.

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53
Q

What area of the leg receives skin sensation from the superficial peroneal nerve?

A

Anterolateral inferior 1/3 of the leg.

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54
Q

What area of the foot receives skin sensation from the deep peroneal nerve?

A

Dorsum of the first web space.

55
Q

What area of the leg receives skin sensation from the saphenous nerve?

A

Medial leg.

56
Q

What area of the leg receives skin sensation from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

Popliteal fossa.

57
Q

What area of the foot receives skin sensation from the tibial nerve?

A

Medial sole of foot.

58
Q

Describe compartment syndrome.

A

Bleeding, oedema or infection increase the pressure in a compartment. The increased pressure means blood flow will cease which results in ischemia.

59
Q

How can you test tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion at the ankle.

60
Q

How can you test extensor digitorum longus?

A

Extension of the toes.

61
Q

How can you test extensor hallucis longus?

A

Extension of the great toe.

62
Q

Which muscle compartment is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve?

A

Anterior leg.

63
Q

Does the deep peroneal nerve innervate skin? If so, where?

A

Innervates the first dorsal web space.

64
Q

What is the anterior tibial artery a branch of?

A

The popliteal artery. (Popliteal artery is a branch of the femoral artery).

65
Q

Which artery is the dorsal pedis artery a branch of?

A

The anterior tibial artery.

66
Q

When might the pulsation of the dorsal pedis artery be absent?

A

If the anterior tibial artery is blocked.

67
Q

What are the actions of the peroneii muscles?

A

Eversion of the foot.

68
Q

What muscles make up the peroneii muscles?

A
  • Peroneal longus. - Peroneal brevis.
69
Q

What nerve innervates the peroneii muscles?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

70
Q

How can you test the peroneii muscles?

A

Eversion against resistance.

71
Q

Which nerve injury will lead to paralysis of the peroneii muscles?

A

Superificial peroneal nerve or common peroneal nerve.

72
Q

What muscles are paralysed by damage to the common peroneal nerve?

A
  1. Peroneal longus and brevis (lateral compartment). 2. Tibialis anterior, extensor longus digitorum and extensor longus hallucis (anterior compartment).
73
Q

Describe the gait of a patient who has had complete teansection of the common peroneal nerve.

A
  • Foot drop. - High steps to avoid stubbing toes.
74
Q

Which leg bone has more muscle attached to it?

A

Fibula.

75
Q

Why is the blood supply to the shaft of the tibia relatively poor?

A

The tibia has few muscles attached it. Attached muscles are responsible for supplying the majority of blood to a bone.

76
Q

Why do fractures of the tibia take a long time to heal?

A

Poor blood supply.

77
Q

How do you test the gastrocnemius?

A

Ask the patient to stand on their tip toes.

78
Q

What is the fibular artery a branch of?

A

The posterior tibial artery.

79
Q

Describe the ankle jerk reflex.

A

Tapping the achilles/calcaneal tendon acutely stretches the gastrocnemius. This results in a reflex contraction of the muscle.

80
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord are you testing when you elicit the ankle jerk reflex?

A

S1,2.

81
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord are you testing when you elicit the knee jerk reflex?

A

L2,3,4.

82
Q

Which muscle compartment is supplied by the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior leg.

83
Q

What are the structures in the tarsal tunnel deep to the retinaculum?

A

Tibial nerve.

84
Q

Name 2 superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh.

A

Soleus and gastrocnemius.

85
Q

How many heads does gastrocnemius have?

A

2 - medial and lateral. They form the inferior borders of the popliteal fossa.

86
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A
  • Medial head: medial condyle of the femur. - Lateral head: lateral condyle of the femur.
87
Q

What is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

It combines with soleus to form the calcaneal tendon which inserts onto the calcaneus.

88
Q

What are the 2 actions of gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee.

89
Q

What other muscle combines to form the calcaneal tendon with gastrocnemius?

A

Soleus.

90
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantarflexion.

91
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve.

92
Q

In what compartment of thelower limb are the hamstrings located?

A

The posterior thigh.

93
Q

Name 4 deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.

A
  1. Popliteus. 2. Flexor digitorum longus. 3. Flexor hallucis longus. 4. Tibialis posterior.
94
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7.

95
Q

Which nerve winds around the neck of the fibula?

A

The common peroneal nerve.

96
Q

Complete transection of the common peroneal nerve can cause what clinical sign?

A

Foot drop.

97
Q

The muscles that form the calcaneus tendon are all supplied by which nerve?

A

Tibial nerve.

98
Q

Does the long saphenous vein cross anterior or posterior to the medial malleolus?

A

Anterior.

99
Q

What veins drain the superficial leg?

A

Short and long saphenous veins. The short saphenous vein drains the posterior leg.

100
Q

How do the superficial and deep veins of the leg communicate?

A

Via perforators which pass through the deep fascia.

101
Q

What area of the leg receives skin sensation from the superficial peroneal nerve?

A

Anterolateral inferior 1/3 of the leg.

102
Q

What area of the foot receives skin sensation from the deep peroneal nerve?

A

Dorsum of the first web space.

103
Q

What area of the leg receives skin sensation from the saphenous nerve?

A

Medial leg.

104
Q

What area of the leg receives skin sensation from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

Popliteal fossa.

105
Q

What area of the foot receives skin sensation from the tibial nerve?

A

Medial sole of foot.

106
Q

Describe compartment syndrome.

A

Bleeding, oedema or infection increase the pressure in a compartment. The increased pressure means blood flow will cease which results in ischemia.

107
Q

How can you test tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion at the ankle.

108
Q

How can you test extensor digitorum longus?

A

Extension of the toes.

109
Q

How can you test extensor hallucis longus?

A

Extension of the great toe.

110
Q

Which muscle compartment is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve?

A

Anterior leg.

111
Q

Does the deep peroneal nerve innervate skin? If so, where?

A

Innervates the first dorsal web space.

112
Q

What is the anterior tibial artery a branch of?

A

The popliteal artery. (Popliteal artery is a branch of the femoral artery).

113
Q

Which artery is the dorsal pedis artery a branch of?

A

The anterior tibial artery.

114
Q

When might the pulsation of the dorsal pedis artery be absent?

A

If the anterior tibial artery is blocked.

115
Q

What are the actions of the peroneii muscles?

A

Eversion of the foot.

116
Q

What muscles make up the peroneii muscles (lower lateral compartment of leg)?

A
  • Peroneal longus. - Peroneal brevis.
117
Q

What nerve innervates the peroneii muscles?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

118
Q

How can you test the peroneii muscles?

A

Eversion against resistance.

119
Q

Which nerve injury will lead to paralysis of the peroneii muscles?

A

Superificial peroneal nerve or common peroneal nerve.

120
Q

What muscles are paralysed by damage to the common peroneal nerve?

A
  1. Peroneal longus and brevis (lateral compartment). 2. Tibialis anterior, extensor longus digitorum and extensor longus hallucis (anterior compartment).
121
Q

Describe the gait of a patient who has had complete teansection of the common peroneal nerve.

A
  • Foot drop. - High steps to avoid stubbing toes.
122
Q

Which leg bone has more muscle attached to it?

A

Fibula.

123
Q

Why is the blood supply to the shaft of the tibia relatively poor?

A

The tibia has few muscles attached it. Attached muscles are responsible for supplying the majority of blood to a bone.

124
Q

Why do fractures of the tibia take a long time to heal?

A

Poor blood supply.

125
Q

How do you test the gastrocnemius?

A

Ask the patient to stand on their tip toes.

126
Q

What is the fibular artery a branch of?

A

The posterior tibial artery.

127
Q

Describe the ankle jerk reflex.

A

Tapping the achilles/calcaneal tendon acutely stretches the gastrocnemius. This results in a reflex contraction of the muscle.

128
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord are you testing when you elicit the ankle jerk reflex?

A

S1,2.

129
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord are you testing when you elicit the knee jerk reflex?

A

L2,3,4.

130
Q

Which muscle compartment is supplied by the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior leg.

131
Q

What are the structures in the tarsal tunnel deep to the retinaculum?

A

Tibial nerve.

132
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery.

133
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve.

Phase 1 - Anatomy (29 decks)

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